BIO 370 Final Exam (from past 3 tests)
questions well answered
Virulence, or the negative effect that a pathogen has on the survival of its host, arises because: -
ANS ✔✔Pathogens can be poorly adapted to the host and It is an unavoidable consequence of
selection for transmission
Innate and adaptive immunity differ in which way: - ANS ✔✔One can deal with viruses, one can
detect antigens, one is found in vertebrates
Evaluate this statement: Vector-borne diseases are less virulent than directly transmitted
diseases. - ANS ✔✔False: Lower virulence is not favored because the transmitting agent will
survive regardless of whether the pathogen is highly virulent
Two pathogen strains inside a human host are competing for resources. As a result, the
pathogens are significantly slowing the host's growth rate which, in turn, reduces a pathogen's
growth rate. How would this be expected to influence the evolution of pathogen virulence? -
ANS ✔✔Multiple infections would select for decreased virulence
When is resistance of pathogens (infections) favored over tolerance to them? - ANS ✔✔When
the cost of inflammation is greater than the benefit of tolerance
Antigenic drift and shift differ in: - ANS ✔✔Drift creates novel HA, which results in complete
immune system evasion, shift does not
How do pathogen virulence and transmission trade-off? - ANS ✔✔Increasing reproductive rate
decreases transmission probability, but increases virulence
, What factor is favoring earlier sexual maturation in humans? - ANS ✔✔Lower infant mortality
rates due to improved hygiene and medicine
Which of the following observations would NOT support the thrifty genotype hypothesis? - ANS
✔✔Diabetes has been present for many centuries in populations currently experiencing high
frequencies of diabetes
Affinity maturation of B cells is analogous to the postulates of natural selection in which way: -
ANS ✔✔Mutation generates variation in B cell binding affinity
HIV made its first appearance in the US in which decade: - ANS ✔✔1980s
Why has natural selection favored mechanisms that help us avoid predation? - ANS ✔✔It is
easier to resist a predator attack
Why do humans choke? - ANS ✔✔The pathways of the esophagus and the trachea intersect
Birds strains sometimes infect humans - ANS ✔✔False
Why have GWAS (genome-wide association studies) had limited success in determining the
genetic underpinnings for common, chronic, and late onset diseases? - ANS ✔✔They are
missing the large effects caused by common alleles
Which of the following is an example of a reaction norm? - ANS ✔✔1) Infants born by cesarean
section are at increased risk of obesity
2) Underweight babies have greater of risk of cardiovascular disease as adults
3) Children who have antibiotic treatments before age 2 are at greater risk of allergies
ALL
questions well answered
Virulence, or the negative effect that a pathogen has on the survival of its host, arises because: -
ANS ✔✔Pathogens can be poorly adapted to the host and It is an unavoidable consequence of
selection for transmission
Innate and adaptive immunity differ in which way: - ANS ✔✔One can deal with viruses, one can
detect antigens, one is found in vertebrates
Evaluate this statement: Vector-borne diseases are less virulent than directly transmitted
diseases. - ANS ✔✔False: Lower virulence is not favored because the transmitting agent will
survive regardless of whether the pathogen is highly virulent
Two pathogen strains inside a human host are competing for resources. As a result, the
pathogens are significantly slowing the host's growth rate which, in turn, reduces a pathogen's
growth rate. How would this be expected to influence the evolution of pathogen virulence? -
ANS ✔✔Multiple infections would select for decreased virulence
When is resistance of pathogens (infections) favored over tolerance to them? - ANS ✔✔When
the cost of inflammation is greater than the benefit of tolerance
Antigenic drift and shift differ in: - ANS ✔✔Drift creates novel HA, which results in complete
immune system evasion, shift does not
How do pathogen virulence and transmission trade-off? - ANS ✔✔Increasing reproductive rate
decreases transmission probability, but increases virulence
, What factor is favoring earlier sexual maturation in humans? - ANS ✔✔Lower infant mortality
rates due to improved hygiene and medicine
Which of the following observations would NOT support the thrifty genotype hypothesis? - ANS
✔✔Diabetes has been present for many centuries in populations currently experiencing high
frequencies of diabetes
Affinity maturation of B cells is analogous to the postulates of natural selection in which way: -
ANS ✔✔Mutation generates variation in B cell binding affinity
HIV made its first appearance in the US in which decade: - ANS ✔✔1980s
Why has natural selection favored mechanisms that help us avoid predation? - ANS ✔✔It is
easier to resist a predator attack
Why do humans choke? - ANS ✔✔The pathways of the esophagus and the trachea intersect
Birds strains sometimes infect humans - ANS ✔✔False
Why have GWAS (genome-wide association studies) had limited success in determining the
genetic underpinnings for common, chronic, and late onset diseases? - ANS ✔✔They are
missing the large effects caused by common alleles
Which of the following is an example of a reaction norm? - ANS ✔✔1) Infants born by cesarean
section are at increased risk of obesity
2) Underweight babies have greater of risk of cardiovascular disease as adults
3) Children who have antibiotic treatments before age 2 are at greater risk of allergies
ALL
