ABFM + KSA CAre oF Children exAM Study Guide 2026 QueStionS with CorreCt detAiled AnSwerS || 100% GuArAnteed PASS <lAteSt VerSion>

ABFM + KSA CAre oF Children exAM Study Guide 2026 QueStionS with CorreCt detAiled AnSwerS || 100% GuArAnteed PASS &lt;lAteSt VerSion&gt; 1. A 30-year-old female who is hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg)-positive gives birth to a 2800-g (6 lb 3 oz) male. Which one of the following is essential in the care of this newborn during his first 12-24 hours of life? A. A hepatitis profile B. Adefovir dipivoxil (Hepsera) C. Hepatitis A vaccine D. Hepatitis B immune globulin and hepatitis B vaccine - ANSWER ANSWER: D Approximately 1000 new cases of perinatal hepatitis B infection are identified in the United States each year. Mother-to-child transmission is responsible for more than one-third of chronic hepatitis B virus infections worldwide. Prevention of perinatal hepatitis B depends on the timely administration of appropriate postexposure immunoprophylaxis to infants born to mothers who are hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg)-positive or whose hepatitis B status is unknown. The risk of perinatal transmission among infants born to HBsAg-positive mothers is as high as 90% without immunoprophylaxis, which has been shown to be 85%-95% efficacious for preventing mother-to-child transmission. The American Academy of Pediatrics endorses the recommendation of the CDC's Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices (ACIP) that all newborn infants with a birth weight ≥2000 g (4 lb 7 oz) receive hepatitis B vaccine by 12-24 hours of age. Infants born to mothers who are HBsAg-positive or whose HBsAg status is unknown should receive hepatitis B vaccine and hepatitis B immune globulin in separate limbs within 12 hours of birth. The dosing and administration of these do not require adjustment for birth weight. Infants who receive appropriate immunoprophylaxis may breastfeed immediately after birth. The schedule for subsequent doses of the vaccine depends upon the infant's birth weight. If the birth weight is ≥2000 g, the second and third doses should be given at 1 and 6 months of age, respectively. For infants who weigh &lt;2000 g, three additional doses are required and should be given at 1, 2-3, and 6 months of age, or at 2, 4, and 6 months of age. Since this is prophylactic, treatment of the infant for an active infection with an antiviral medication such as adefovir dipivoxil is unnecessary. A hepatitis profile to check for HBsAg 2. Exclusively breastfed infants have higher rates of which one of the following? A. Leukemia B. Obesity C. Otitis media D. Rickets E. Sudden infant death syndrome - ANSWER ANSWER: D The benefits of breastfeeding are numerous, including reductions in a number of infectious diseases, such as otitis media, respiratory infections, bacterial meningitis, bacteremia, diarrhea, necrotizing enterocolitis, and urinary tract infections. The rates of other adverse health outcomes are also reduced, including sudden infant death syndrome in the first year of life, type 1 diabetes, lymphoma, leukemia, overweight, obesity, hypercholesterolemia, and asthma. Studies have shown that up to 96% of children who have rickets were breastfed, as the small amount of vitamin D in breast milk is inadequate for preventing this condition in infants or children. While development of rickets requires the severe vitamin D deficiency seen in less wealthy countries, cases are still diagnosed in the United States. Subclinical vitamin D deficiency is more prevalent in breastfed infants, and it can be associated with complications of insufficient bone density in later life. The American Academy of Pediatrics recommends that all breastfed infants receive 400 IU of oral vitamin D drops daily, beginning the first few days of life and continuing until the infant's daily intake of vitamin D-fortified formula or milk is at least 500 mL. 3. A 9-year-old female is brought to your office for a well child visit. Her mother mentions that a family friend is being treated for scoliosis and she wants to have her daughter screened for this condition. Which one of the following is true regarding this condition? A. The U.S. Preventive Services Task Force recommends screening adolescents for idiopathic scoliosis B. Screening for scoliosis is most important in females who have reached skeletal maturity C. Using a scoliometer in the school setting improves detection of clinically significant scoliosis D. Idiopathic scoliosis is most commonly seen in females between the ages of 10 and 13 E. Approximately 3% of patients with idiopathic scoliosis will eventually require treatment - ANSWER ANSWER: D The U.S. Preventive Services Task Force's 2018 update on screening for idiopathic scoliosis in adolescents indicates that current evidence is insufficient to assess the balance of benefits and harms of screening for scoliosis. This is based on its findings that although there is adequate evidence that currently available screening tests can accurately detect adolescent idiopathic scoliosis, there is no direct evidence regarding the effect of screening for adolescent idiopathic scoliosis on patient-centered health outcomes, and no studies on the direct harms of screening, such as psychological harms or harms associated with confirmatory radiography. Scoliosis is most commonly seen in females between the ages of 10 and 13 and progresses most severely during the growth phase before the patient has reached skeletal maturity. Ninety percent of cases are idiopathic, and the prevalence of scoliosis that eventually requires treatment is very small (&lt;0.5%). Routine screening has been shown to increase unnecessary testing and referral. Use of a scoliometer does not increase the rate of discovery of clinically significant scoliosis, which usually comes to light without the aid of screening tests. 4. You and your staff are preparing for the onset of influenza season. Which one of the following is recommended by the CDC's Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices? A. Annual influenza vaccine for all children starting at age 6 months B. A single dose of influenza vaccine for previously unvaccinated children 3-8 years of age C. Delaying influenza vaccination until symptoms resolve in children who have minor illnesses such as upper respiratory infections D. Skin testing with influenza vaccine prior to administration in patients with an egg allergy E. The use of quadrivalent live attenuated influenza vaccine rather than trivalent inactivated influenza vaccine in patients with a history of hypersensitivity, including anaphylaxis, to eggs - ANSWER ANSWER: A The Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices of the CDC recommends annual influenza vaccine for all persons 6 months of age or older. Children 6 months to 8 years of age require two doses of influenza vaccine separated by 4 or more weeks in order to optimize immune response if they have not been previously vaccinated. Children in this age range also require two doses the second year they receive the vaccine if they received only one dose the first year. The recommendations for previously vaccinated