PNB 2265 EXAM 2 – UCONN QUESTIONS
WITH 100% CORRECT ANSWERS |
LATEST VERSION 2025/2026.
Structures of the upper respiratory system - ANS pharynx, trachea
Structures of the lower respiratory system - ANS Bronchial tree & alveoli
Pharynx - ANS Structure through which air enters and leaves
3 regions of the pharynx - ANS -Nasopharynx
-Oropharynx
-Laryngopharynx
Nasopharynx - ANS connected to the nasal passages
Oropharynx - ANS connected to the mouth - carries air to the trachea
laryngopharynx - ANS lower portion of the pharynx
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,What 3 things must be done to the air entering the body - ANS -Filtered
-Warmed
-Humidified
Environment of the respiratory system - ANS -Warm, moist: Warmed & humidified to protect
the fragile cells further down in the system
-Mucus: filter
-Hair (nose): filter
Tracheal cartilage - ANS -Well-defined structure
-Ensures ability to move air through it is never compromised
-Feels springy when touched - resistance from cartilage rings
Epiglottis - ANS -Esophagus: also attaches to oropharynx
-Epiglottis: flap of tissue that repositions itself to seal off trachea when swallowing food; seal
off esophagus when breathing
-Does not contain tracheal cartilage rings
Bronchial tree - ANS -Trachea splits to form series of smaller tubes: bronchi & bronchioles
-2 primary bronchi (R & L)
-2 secondary bronchi off of each primary
-Continues until reach alveoli
Right lung: lobes - ANS 3: 3 secondary bronchi
Left lung: lobes - ANS -2: 2 secondary bronchi
-Notch missing: where apex of heart is located
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,Boundaries of the thoracic cavity - ANS -Inferior: diaphragm muscle
-All other sides: serous membrane (pleura)
Serous membrane (pleura) - ANS -2 layers of tissue: visceral & parietal
-Between layers: interpleural space
Visceral layer of pleura - ANS Covers surface of the lung
Parietal layer of pleura - ANS Lines the thoracic wall
2 divisions of respiratory system - ANS -Conducting zone
-Respiratory zone
Conducting zones of the respiratory system - ANS Tubes themselves: move air in/out of the
body
Structures & tissues of the conducting zones - ANS Respiratory passages:
-Pharynx
-Trachea
-Primary bronchi
-Secondary bronchi
-Tertiary bronchi (1)
-Bronchioles (<1 mm)
-Terminal bronchioles (6500)
Many tissues:
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, -Pseudostratified epithelia
-Stratified epithelia
-Cuboidal
-Cartilage (trachea)
-Smooth muscle (bronchiole)
Distribution of cartilage in the respiratory system - ANS -Trachea & primary bronchi:
relatively complete tracheal cartilage rings
-Smaller structures: becomes discontinuous and eventually disappears
-Allows smooth muscle in bronchioles to contract & dilate: pressure is regulated by a change in
radius
How does the histology of the respiratory system change? - ANS From larger to smaller
structures
Histology of the oropharynx & laryngopharynx - ANS Stratified epithelium:
-Come into contact with external environment
-Constantly getting damaged (i.e. contaminants in air, shared structures with digestive system
Arteries - ANS Carry blood away from the heart: distribution
Arteries: tunica media - ANS -Made up of smooth muscle & elastic protein fibers
-Even in the absence of blood flow, artery can retain shape
Veins - ANS Carry blood toward the heart: collection
Veins: tunica media - ANS -Much thinner & less developed than arteries
-Less smooth muscle = vein has less well-defined structure
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WITH 100% CORRECT ANSWERS |
LATEST VERSION 2025/2026.
Structures of the upper respiratory system - ANS pharynx, trachea
Structures of the lower respiratory system - ANS Bronchial tree & alveoli
Pharynx - ANS Structure through which air enters and leaves
3 regions of the pharynx - ANS -Nasopharynx
-Oropharynx
-Laryngopharynx
Nasopharynx - ANS connected to the nasal passages
Oropharynx - ANS connected to the mouth - carries air to the trachea
laryngopharynx - ANS lower portion of the pharynx
1 @COPYRIGHT 2025/2026 ALLRIGHTS RESERVED
,What 3 things must be done to the air entering the body - ANS -Filtered
-Warmed
-Humidified
Environment of the respiratory system - ANS -Warm, moist: Warmed & humidified to protect
the fragile cells further down in the system
-Mucus: filter
-Hair (nose): filter
Tracheal cartilage - ANS -Well-defined structure
-Ensures ability to move air through it is never compromised
-Feels springy when touched - resistance from cartilage rings
Epiglottis - ANS -Esophagus: also attaches to oropharynx
-Epiglottis: flap of tissue that repositions itself to seal off trachea when swallowing food; seal
off esophagus when breathing
-Does not contain tracheal cartilage rings
Bronchial tree - ANS -Trachea splits to form series of smaller tubes: bronchi & bronchioles
-2 primary bronchi (R & L)
-2 secondary bronchi off of each primary
-Continues until reach alveoli
Right lung: lobes - ANS 3: 3 secondary bronchi
Left lung: lobes - ANS -2: 2 secondary bronchi
-Notch missing: where apex of heart is located
2 @COPYRIGHT 2025/2026 ALLRIGHTS RESERVED
,Boundaries of the thoracic cavity - ANS -Inferior: diaphragm muscle
-All other sides: serous membrane (pleura)
Serous membrane (pleura) - ANS -2 layers of tissue: visceral & parietal
-Between layers: interpleural space
Visceral layer of pleura - ANS Covers surface of the lung
Parietal layer of pleura - ANS Lines the thoracic wall
2 divisions of respiratory system - ANS -Conducting zone
-Respiratory zone
Conducting zones of the respiratory system - ANS Tubes themselves: move air in/out of the
body
Structures & tissues of the conducting zones - ANS Respiratory passages:
-Pharynx
-Trachea
-Primary bronchi
-Secondary bronchi
-Tertiary bronchi (1)
-Bronchioles (<1 mm)
-Terminal bronchioles (6500)
Many tissues:
3 @COPYRIGHT 2025/2026 ALLRIGHTS RESERVED
, -Pseudostratified epithelia
-Stratified epithelia
-Cuboidal
-Cartilage (trachea)
-Smooth muscle (bronchiole)
Distribution of cartilage in the respiratory system - ANS -Trachea & primary bronchi:
relatively complete tracheal cartilage rings
-Smaller structures: becomes discontinuous and eventually disappears
-Allows smooth muscle in bronchioles to contract & dilate: pressure is regulated by a change in
radius
How does the histology of the respiratory system change? - ANS From larger to smaller
structures
Histology of the oropharynx & laryngopharynx - ANS Stratified epithelium:
-Come into contact with external environment
-Constantly getting damaged (i.e. contaminants in air, shared structures with digestive system
Arteries - ANS Carry blood away from the heart: distribution
Arteries: tunica media - ANS -Made up of smooth muscle & elastic protein fibers
-Even in the absence of blood flow, artery can retain shape
Veins - ANS Carry blood toward the heart: collection
Veins: tunica media - ANS -Much thinner & less developed than arteries
-Less smooth muscle = vein has less well-defined structure
4 @COPYRIGHT 2025/2026 ALLRIGHTS RESERVED
