NSG3105 MIDTERM EXAM QUESTIONS
WITH 100% CORRECT ANSWERS |
LATEST VERSION 2025/2026.
Intracellular fluid (ICF) - ANS fluid within cells, 2/3rds of body water
extracellular fluid (ECF) - ANS fluid spaces between cells (2/3rds interstitial and lymph) and
plasma space (1/3rd), 1/3rd of body water
electrolytes in ICF - ANS potassium, phosphate, magnesium, sodium, bicarbonate
electrolytes in ECF - ANS sodium, chloride, potassium, calcium, magnesium, bicarbonate,
phosphate
hypervolemia - ANS fluid volume excess (usually ECF) in vascular spaces
S+S:
tachycardia, fever, hypertension, edema, ascites, crackles, SOB, jugular vein distention,
confusion, headache, seizures
syndrome of inappropriate antidiuretic hormone (SIADH) - ANS dysfunction of arginine
vasopressin due to brain tumour, infection, or trauma
1 @COPYRIGHT 2025/2026 ALLRIGHTS RESERVED
,S+S:
low output, low sodium, increase in weight
hypovolemia - ANS fluid volume deficit
S+S:
decreased weight, decreased skin turgor, dry mucous membranes, decreased urine output,
hypotension, decreased warmth to extremities, weakened pulse
diabetes insipidus - ANS antidiuretic hormone is not secreted adequately, or the kidney is
resistant to its effect
S+S:
high urine output, high sodium, decreased weight
hypernatremia - ANS serum sodium > 145 mEq/L, often due to water that is excessively lost
through the GI tract, skin, or urine
S+S:
decreased urine output, thirst/dry mouth, irritable, confusion, fluid retention, edema, increased
deep muscle reflexes
hyponatremia - ANS sodium deficit < 135 mEq/L
S+S:
hypotension, muscle weakness, reduced deep muscle reflexes, bounding pulse, apprehension,
confusion and lethargy, seizures
2 @COPYRIGHT 2025/2026 ALLRIGHTS RESERVED
, hypokalemia - ANS potassium deficit < 3.5, metabolic alkalosis (pH > 7.45)
S+S:
constipation, reflexes decreased, arrhythmias (inverted T waves), muscle cramps, pulse
irregular and weak
hyperkalemia - ANS potassium level > 5.0, usually due to inefficient kidneys or excessive
consumption
S+S:
muscle cramps, urine abnormalities, respiratory distress, decreased cardiac contractility, ECG
changes (T waves peaked), reflexes decreased
hypocalcemia - ANS calcium deficit < 2.25 mmol/L
S+S:
Trousseau's sign, tinnitus, arrhythmias, weak pulse, increased ST, increased BS, diarrhea,
tetany, Chvostek's sign, hypotension, hyperactive deep tendon reflexes
hypercalcemia - ANS calcium excess > 2.75 mmol/L
S+S:
constipation, flank pain, increased calcium in urine, deep bone pain, decreased reflexes
isotonic solution - ANS osmolarity about equal to that of serum, expands intravascular
compartment
hypotonic solution - ANS osmolarity lower than serum, shifts fluid from intravascular space
into cells and interstitial compartments
3 @COPYRIGHT 2025/2026 ALLRIGHTS RESERVED
WITH 100% CORRECT ANSWERS |
LATEST VERSION 2025/2026.
Intracellular fluid (ICF) - ANS fluid within cells, 2/3rds of body water
extracellular fluid (ECF) - ANS fluid spaces between cells (2/3rds interstitial and lymph) and
plasma space (1/3rd), 1/3rd of body water
electrolytes in ICF - ANS potassium, phosphate, magnesium, sodium, bicarbonate
electrolytes in ECF - ANS sodium, chloride, potassium, calcium, magnesium, bicarbonate,
phosphate
hypervolemia - ANS fluid volume excess (usually ECF) in vascular spaces
S+S:
tachycardia, fever, hypertension, edema, ascites, crackles, SOB, jugular vein distention,
confusion, headache, seizures
syndrome of inappropriate antidiuretic hormone (SIADH) - ANS dysfunction of arginine
vasopressin due to brain tumour, infection, or trauma
1 @COPYRIGHT 2025/2026 ALLRIGHTS RESERVED
,S+S:
low output, low sodium, increase in weight
hypovolemia - ANS fluid volume deficit
S+S:
decreased weight, decreased skin turgor, dry mucous membranes, decreased urine output,
hypotension, decreased warmth to extremities, weakened pulse
diabetes insipidus - ANS antidiuretic hormone is not secreted adequately, or the kidney is
resistant to its effect
S+S:
high urine output, high sodium, decreased weight
hypernatremia - ANS serum sodium > 145 mEq/L, often due to water that is excessively lost
through the GI tract, skin, or urine
S+S:
decreased urine output, thirst/dry mouth, irritable, confusion, fluid retention, edema, increased
deep muscle reflexes
hyponatremia - ANS sodium deficit < 135 mEq/L
S+S:
hypotension, muscle weakness, reduced deep muscle reflexes, bounding pulse, apprehension,
confusion and lethargy, seizures
2 @COPYRIGHT 2025/2026 ALLRIGHTS RESERVED
, hypokalemia - ANS potassium deficit < 3.5, metabolic alkalosis (pH > 7.45)
S+S:
constipation, reflexes decreased, arrhythmias (inverted T waves), muscle cramps, pulse
irregular and weak
hyperkalemia - ANS potassium level > 5.0, usually due to inefficient kidneys or excessive
consumption
S+S:
muscle cramps, urine abnormalities, respiratory distress, decreased cardiac contractility, ECG
changes (T waves peaked), reflexes decreased
hypocalcemia - ANS calcium deficit < 2.25 mmol/L
S+S:
Trousseau's sign, tinnitus, arrhythmias, weak pulse, increased ST, increased BS, diarrhea,
tetany, Chvostek's sign, hypotension, hyperactive deep tendon reflexes
hypercalcemia - ANS calcium excess > 2.75 mmol/L
S+S:
constipation, flank pain, increased calcium in urine, deep bone pain, decreased reflexes
isotonic solution - ANS osmolarity about equal to that of serum, expands intravascular
compartment
hypotonic solution - ANS osmolarity lower than serum, shifts fluid from intravascular space
into cells and interstitial compartments
3 @COPYRIGHT 2025/2026 ALLRIGHTS RESERVED
