Pediatric Emergency Care and Resuscitation Protocols
What are common signs and symptoms of asthma? - correct answerCough (clear sputum),
dyspnoea, hypoxia, chest tightness, anxiety, accessory muscle use, respiratory distress, hyper-
resonant chest, tachycardia, tachypnoea, and expiratory wheeze or decreased/absent chest
sounds if severe.
What are the severity scales for asthma? - correct answerMild/Moderate: Can walk, speak full
sentences, short of breath, SpO2>94%. Severe: Accessory muscle use, unable to complete
sentences, tripod positioning, SpO2 90-94%. Life Threatening: Reduced consciousness, unable
to speak, exhaustion, cyanosis, SpO2<90%.
What is the purpose of the Primary Survey in asthma management? - correct answerTo assess
the scene for dangers, perform a paediatric assessment triangle focusing on appearance, work
of breathing, and circulation.
What does the Paediatric Assessment Triangle evaluate? - correct answerAppearance (tone,
interactiveness, consolability, look/gaze, speech/cry), Work of Breathing (positioning,
respiratory effort, lung sounds), and Circulation (skin color, pulses, blood pressure, signs of
bleeding).
What are the key components of the assessment for catastrophic bleeding? - correct
answerAirway: Inspect for obstructions and swelling. Breathing: Assess work of breathing,
sounds, retractions, and SpO2. Circulation: Evaluate skin color, cap refill, heart rate, and blood
pressure.
What should be included in the presenting complaint history for asthma? - correct answerSigns
and symptoms, allergies, medications, past medical history, last food or liquid intake, and
events leading up to the illness.
What factors should be considered in the priority history questions for asthma patients? -
correct answerPrevious asthma history, frequency and severity of attacks, hospital
presentations, previous ICU admissions, known triggers, onset of symptoms, and current
medications.
What are the management priorities for asthma? - correct answerAssess and secure airway,
provide oxygen therapy, monitor breathing effort and sounds, and prepare for possible
transport.
What additional treatment options may be considered for asthma management? - correct
answerMedications such as bronchodilators, corticosteroids, and other preventers depending
on the patient's history and current status.
,What is the significance of a previous ICU admission in asthma patients? - correct answerIt is a
major red flag indicating the patient may require urgent treatment en-route to the hospital and
a pre-alert.
What does the acronym AVPU stand for in disability assessment? - correct answerAlert, Verbal
response, Pain response, Unresponsive.
What does PEARL stand for in pupil assessment? - correct answerPupils Equal And Reactive to
Light.
What should be assessed in the exposure phase of the primary survey? - correct answerConfirm
absence of anaphylaxis, check chest, temperature, rashes, injuries, and neck suppleness.
What is the importance of glucose in emergency assessments? - correct answerAlways check
glucose levels as hypoglycemia can mimic or complicate respiratory distress.
What factors influence the transport decision for asthma patients? - correct answerStability of
the patient, ability to walk, resources available for extrication, and overall assessment of the
situation.
What is the significance of the frequency and severity of asthma attacks? - correct answerThey
are indicators of how severe the patient's airway condition may be.
What should be noted about the patient's medications in asthma management? - correct
answerThe type and number of medications can indicate the severity of asthma; reliance on
inhalers may suggest manageable conditions.
What are some common asthma triggers? - correct answerExercise, seasonal changes, smoke
inhalation, and other allergens.
What is the role of peak expiratory flow in asthma assessment? - correct answerTo measure
lung function before and after treatment to assess the effectiveness of interventions.
What should be monitored regarding circulation in asthma patients? - correct answerSkin color,
temperature, capillary refill, heart rate, and blood pressure.
What is the significance of assessing the child's weight and age in asthma management? -
correct answerThese factors can influence treatment decisions and the assessment of the
child's overall health status.
What is the importance of assessing the patient's level of consciousness? - correct answerIt
helps determine the severity of respiratory distress and the need for immediate intervention.
What is the significance of the child's feeding and vaccination history in asthma management? -
correct answerIt provides context for the child's overall health and potential underlying
conditions that may affect asthma.
, What is the primary focus of treatment for patients with respiratory distress? - correct
answerOpening the bronchiole.
What is the recommended oxygen saturation target for adults and children during respiratory
distress? - correct answer94-98% for adults (SpO2 < 92%) and 95% for children (SpO2 < 95%).
What should be administered if a child under 12 months presents with a wheeze? - correct
answerBronchiolitis is likely, and there is no benefit to bronchodilators or corticosteroids.
What is the initial management for life-threatening asthma? - correct answerIM Adrenaline
should be used to cause bronchodilation and reduce airway edema.
What are the signs of anaphylaxis? - correct answerWheezing, stridor, swelling of tongue or
throat, hoarse voice, persistent dizziness, hypotension, urticaria, and feeling of impending
doom.
What should be done if a patient shows two or more systemic manifestations of anaphylaxis? -
correct answerTreat as though it is anaphylaxis.
What is the purpose of administering Normal Saline during a severe asthma attack? - correct
answerTo maintain fluid and electrolyte balance.
What are the components of the Paediatric Assessment Triangle? - correct answerAppearance,
Work of Breathing, and Circulation.
What does the 'Appearance' component of the Paediatric Assessment Triangle assess? - correct
answerTone, interactiveness, consolability, look/gaze, and speech/cry.
What should be observed in the 'Work of Breathing' component? - correct answerPositioning,
respiratory effort, lung sounds, wheezing/stridor, obstructions, head bobbing, and nasal flaring.
What indicators are assessed under the 'Circulation' component? - correct answerPallor,
mottling, cyanosis, weak or absent pulses, abnormal blood pressure, petechiae, and signs of
bleeding.
What is the significance of pulse oximetry in patient care? - correct answerIt helps monitor
hypoxemia, which is a late sign of respiratory distress.
What is the role of beta-2 agonists like Salbutamol in respiratory treatment? - correct
answerThey relieve bronchoconstriction.
What caution should be taken when using Salbutamol in children? - correct answerIt can cause
acidosis; repeat administration should be reserved for severely ill children.
What is the function of anticholinergics like Ipratropium Bromide? - correct answerThey
decrease bronchoconstriction, mucous production, and edema.
What are common signs and symptoms of asthma? - correct answerCough (clear sputum),
dyspnoea, hypoxia, chest tightness, anxiety, accessory muscle use, respiratory distress, hyper-
resonant chest, tachycardia, tachypnoea, and expiratory wheeze or decreased/absent chest
sounds if severe.
What are the severity scales for asthma? - correct answerMild/Moderate: Can walk, speak full
sentences, short of breath, SpO2>94%. Severe: Accessory muscle use, unable to complete
sentences, tripod positioning, SpO2 90-94%. Life Threatening: Reduced consciousness, unable
to speak, exhaustion, cyanosis, SpO2<90%.
What is the purpose of the Primary Survey in asthma management? - correct answerTo assess
the scene for dangers, perform a paediatric assessment triangle focusing on appearance, work
of breathing, and circulation.
What does the Paediatric Assessment Triangle evaluate? - correct answerAppearance (tone,
interactiveness, consolability, look/gaze, speech/cry), Work of Breathing (positioning,
respiratory effort, lung sounds), and Circulation (skin color, pulses, blood pressure, signs of
bleeding).
What are the key components of the assessment for catastrophic bleeding? - correct
answerAirway: Inspect for obstructions and swelling. Breathing: Assess work of breathing,
sounds, retractions, and SpO2. Circulation: Evaluate skin color, cap refill, heart rate, and blood
pressure.
What should be included in the presenting complaint history for asthma? - correct answerSigns
and symptoms, allergies, medications, past medical history, last food or liquid intake, and
events leading up to the illness.
What factors should be considered in the priority history questions for asthma patients? -
correct answerPrevious asthma history, frequency and severity of attacks, hospital
presentations, previous ICU admissions, known triggers, onset of symptoms, and current
medications.
What are the management priorities for asthma? - correct answerAssess and secure airway,
provide oxygen therapy, monitor breathing effort and sounds, and prepare for possible
transport.
What additional treatment options may be considered for asthma management? - correct
answerMedications such as bronchodilators, corticosteroids, and other preventers depending
on the patient's history and current status.
,What is the significance of a previous ICU admission in asthma patients? - correct answerIt is a
major red flag indicating the patient may require urgent treatment en-route to the hospital and
a pre-alert.
What does the acronym AVPU stand for in disability assessment? - correct answerAlert, Verbal
response, Pain response, Unresponsive.
What does PEARL stand for in pupil assessment? - correct answerPupils Equal And Reactive to
Light.
What should be assessed in the exposure phase of the primary survey? - correct answerConfirm
absence of anaphylaxis, check chest, temperature, rashes, injuries, and neck suppleness.
What is the importance of glucose in emergency assessments? - correct answerAlways check
glucose levels as hypoglycemia can mimic or complicate respiratory distress.
What factors influence the transport decision for asthma patients? - correct answerStability of
the patient, ability to walk, resources available for extrication, and overall assessment of the
situation.
What is the significance of the frequency and severity of asthma attacks? - correct answerThey
are indicators of how severe the patient's airway condition may be.
What should be noted about the patient's medications in asthma management? - correct
answerThe type and number of medications can indicate the severity of asthma; reliance on
inhalers may suggest manageable conditions.
What are some common asthma triggers? - correct answerExercise, seasonal changes, smoke
inhalation, and other allergens.
What is the role of peak expiratory flow in asthma assessment? - correct answerTo measure
lung function before and after treatment to assess the effectiveness of interventions.
What should be monitored regarding circulation in asthma patients? - correct answerSkin color,
temperature, capillary refill, heart rate, and blood pressure.
What is the significance of assessing the child's weight and age in asthma management? -
correct answerThese factors can influence treatment decisions and the assessment of the
child's overall health status.
What is the importance of assessing the patient's level of consciousness? - correct answerIt
helps determine the severity of respiratory distress and the need for immediate intervention.
What is the significance of the child's feeding and vaccination history in asthma management? -
correct answerIt provides context for the child's overall health and potential underlying
conditions that may affect asthma.
, What is the primary focus of treatment for patients with respiratory distress? - correct
answerOpening the bronchiole.
What is the recommended oxygen saturation target for adults and children during respiratory
distress? - correct answer94-98% for adults (SpO2 < 92%) and 95% for children (SpO2 < 95%).
What should be administered if a child under 12 months presents with a wheeze? - correct
answerBronchiolitis is likely, and there is no benefit to bronchodilators or corticosteroids.
What is the initial management for life-threatening asthma? - correct answerIM Adrenaline
should be used to cause bronchodilation and reduce airway edema.
What are the signs of anaphylaxis? - correct answerWheezing, stridor, swelling of tongue or
throat, hoarse voice, persistent dizziness, hypotension, urticaria, and feeling of impending
doom.
What should be done if a patient shows two or more systemic manifestations of anaphylaxis? -
correct answerTreat as though it is anaphylaxis.
What is the purpose of administering Normal Saline during a severe asthma attack? - correct
answerTo maintain fluid and electrolyte balance.
What are the components of the Paediatric Assessment Triangle? - correct answerAppearance,
Work of Breathing, and Circulation.
What does the 'Appearance' component of the Paediatric Assessment Triangle assess? - correct
answerTone, interactiveness, consolability, look/gaze, and speech/cry.
What should be observed in the 'Work of Breathing' component? - correct answerPositioning,
respiratory effort, lung sounds, wheezing/stridor, obstructions, head bobbing, and nasal flaring.
What indicators are assessed under the 'Circulation' component? - correct answerPallor,
mottling, cyanosis, weak or absent pulses, abnormal blood pressure, petechiae, and signs of
bleeding.
What is the significance of pulse oximetry in patient care? - correct answerIt helps monitor
hypoxemia, which is a late sign of respiratory distress.
What is the role of beta-2 agonists like Salbutamol in respiratory treatment? - correct
answerThey relieve bronchoconstriction.
What caution should be taken when using Salbutamol in children? - correct answerIt can cause
acidosis; repeat administration should be reserved for severely ill children.
What is the function of anticholinergics like Ipratropium Bromide? - correct answerThey
decrease bronchoconstriction, mucous production, and edema.
