Paatho Exam 1 With Correct And
Verified Answers
St ructu ral hie ra rchy - CO R RECT✅✅Cells → Tissues → O rgans → O rgan
Systems.
Cellula r components - CO R RECT✅✅Nucleus (genetic cont rol), Cytoplasm
(biochemical mat rix), Cytoskeleton (suppo rt/movement), Ribosomes/ RE R (p rotein
synthesis), Golgi (packaging), Mitochond ria (ATP), Cell memb rane (selective t ranspo
rt).
Co re Cellula r Functions - CO R RECT✅✅T ranspo rtation (active/passive), Ingestion
(endocytosis: phago-/pino-), Sec retion (exocytosis), Respi ration (ae robic vs anae
robic ATP), Communication ( recepto r-ligand, feedback), Rep roduction (division, diffe
rentiation).
Adaptations - CO R RECT✅✅At rophy (↓ size), Hype rt rophy (↑ size), Hype rplasia (↑
numbe r), Metaplasia (cell type change), Dysplasia (abno rmal g rowth/diffe rentiation).
Inju ry causes - CO R RECT✅✅Physical, mechanical, the rmal, chemical.
Cell death - CO R RECT✅✅Apoptosis (p rog rammed) vs Nec rosis (uncont rolled).
Ce reb ral At rophy - CO R RECT✅✅↓ stimulation/inju ry → focal/global deficits; Dx:
histo ry, neu ro exam, imaging; Tx: p revention, slow p rog ression.
Ca rdiac Hype rt rophy - CO R RECT✅✅↑ wo rkload o r genetic; S/S: SOB, chest
pain, syncope, a r rhythmia, mu rmu r; Dx: genetics, BP, exe rcise; Tx: ↓ wo rkload
meds, su rge ry, activity rest riction.
Ac romegaly - CO R RECT✅✅↑ GH/IGFI1 → soft tissue/bone g rowth; Tx: ↓ GH
meds, radiation, su rge ry.
Ce rvical Metaplasia & Dysplasia - CO R RECT✅✅ Risk = ea rly sexual activity,
multiple pa rtne rs, HPV, smoking; Dx: Pap, HPV sc reen, biopsy; Tx: ablation/excision.
Envi ronmental Toxin Inju ry & CVD - CO R RECT✅✅Oxidative inju ry → CV disease;
Tx: risk reduction, cessation, symptom mgmt.
Mnemonic fo r Adaptations - CO R RECT✅✅A Happy Hippo Makes Donuts → At
rophy, Hype rt rophy, Hype rplasia, Metaplasia, Dysplasia.
, Lines of Defense - CO R RECT✅✅1) Fi rst: Skin/mucosa 2) Second: Inflammation 3)
Thi rd: Immune response.
Acute Inflammation Goals - CO R RECT✅✅↑ blood flow, ↑ healing cells, p rep fo r
tissue repai r.
Vascula r Response - CO R RECT✅✅Vasodilation; ↑ capilla ry pe rmeability;
activates clotting; mediated by histamine, se rotonin, mast cell p roducts.
Cellula r Response - CO R RECT✅✅Chemotaxis → adhe rence → mig ration
(diapedesis).
Inflammato ry Mediato rs - CO R RECT✅✅F rom cells: mast cells, cytokines,
histamine, se rotonin, platelets (PAF), a rachidonic acid p roducts; F rom plasma:
complement (opsonization/lysis), kinin (vasoactive), clotting (coagulation & resolution).
Manifestations of Inflammation - CO R RECT✅✅Local: Redness, Heat, Swelling,
Pain, Loss of function; Systemic: Feve r; ↑ WBC; ↑ C RP; ↑ ES R.
Healing Phases - CO R RECT✅✅1) Inflammato ry 2) P rolife rative ( resto re st ructu
re) 3) Remodeling ( resto re function).
Ch ronic Inflammation - CO R RECT✅✅> 6 months; monocytes/mac
rophages/lymphocytes; g ranulomas & sca r ring common.
Mnemonic fo r Inflammation - CO R RECT✅✅ Really Hot Swollen Painful Legs →
Redness, Heat, Swelling, Pain, Loss of function.
Types of Immunity - CO R RECT✅✅Innate (fast, nonspecific, sho rt) vs Adaptive
(slow, specific, memo ry).
Cells involved in Immunity - CO R RECT✅✅T (CD8 cytotoxic, CD4 helpe r), B →
plasma (antibodies), NK; lymphatic o rgans: ma r row, thymus, spleen, nodes, lymphoid
tissue.
Cells - CO R RECT✅✅T (CD8 cytotoxic, CD4 helpe r), B → plasma (antibodies), NK;
lymphatic o rgans: ma r row, thymus, spleen, nodes, lymphoid tissue.
Humo ral - CO R RECT✅✅IgA, IgD, IgE, IgG, IgM; P rima ry vs Seconda ry
responses.
Cell-Mediated - CO R RECT✅✅T cell responses via MHC/HLA.
Host defense failu re - CO R RECT✅✅Antigenic va riation, latency,
immunodeficiency.
Verified Answers
St ructu ral hie ra rchy - CO R RECT✅✅Cells → Tissues → O rgans → O rgan
Systems.
Cellula r components - CO R RECT✅✅Nucleus (genetic cont rol), Cytoplasm
(biochemical mat rix), Cytoskeleton (suppo rt/movement), Ribosomes/ RE R (p rotein
synthesis), Golgi (packaging), Mitochond ria (ATP), Cell memb rane (selective t ranspo
rt).
Co re Cellula r Functions - CO R RECT✅✅T ranspo rtation (active/passive), Ingestion
(endocytosis: phago-/pino-), Sec retion (exocytosis), Respi ration (ae robic vs anae
robic ATP), Communication ( recepto r-ligand, feedback), Rep roduction (division, diffe
rentiation).
Adaptations - CO R RECT✅✅At rophy (↓ size), Hype rt rophy (↑ size), Hype rplasia (↑
numbe r), Metaplasia (cell type change), Dysplasia (abno rmal g rowth/diffe rentiation).
Inju ry causes - CO R RECT✅✅Physical, mechanical, the rmal, chemical.
Cell death - CO R RECT✅✅Apoptosis (p rog rammed) vs Nec rosis (uncont rolled).
Ce reb ral At rophy - CO R RECT✅✅↓ stimulation/inju ry → focal/global deficits; Dx:
histo ry, neu ro exam, imaging; Tx: p revention, slow p rog ression.
Ca rdiac Hype rt rophy - CO R RECT✅✅↑ wo rkload o r genetic; S/S: SOB, chest
pain, syncope, a r rhythmia, mu rmu r; Dx: genetics, BP, exe rcise; Tx: ↓ wo rkload
meds, su rge ry, activity rest riction.
Ac romegaly - CO R RECT✅✅↑ GH/IGFI1 → soft tissue/bone g rowth; Tx: ↓ GH
meds, radiation, su rge ry.
Ce rvical Metaplasia & Dysplasia - CO R RECT✅✅ Risk = ea rly sexual activity,
multiple pa rtne rs, HPV, smoking; Dx: Pap, HPV sc reen, biopsy; Tx: ablation/excision.
Envi ronmental Toxin Inju ry & CVD - CO R RECT✅✅Oxidative inju ry → CV disease;
Tx: risk reduction, cessation, symptom mgmt.
Mnemonic fo r Adaptations - CO R RECT✅✅A Happy Hippo Makes Donuts → At
rophy, Hype rt rophy, Hype rplasia, Metaplasia, Dysplasia.
, Lines of Defense - CO R RECT✅✅1) Fi rst: Skin/mucosa 2) Second: Inflammation 3)
Thi rd: Immune response.
Acute Inflammation Goals - CO R RECT✅✅↑ blood flow, ↑ healing cells, p rep fo r
tissue repai r.
Vascula r Response - CO R RECT✅✅Vasodilation; ↑ capilla ry pe rmeability;
activates clotting; mediated by histamine, se rotonin, mast cell p roducts.
Cellula r Response - CO R RECT✅✅Chemotaxis → adhe rence → mig ration
(diapedesis).
Inflammato ry Mediato rs - CO R RECT✅✅F rom cells: mast cells, cytokines,
histamine, se rotonin, platelets (PAF), a rachidonic acid p roducts; F rom plasma:
complement (opsonization/lysis), kinin (vasoactive), clotting (coagulation & resolution).
Manifestations of Inflammation - CO R RECT✅✅Local: Redness, Heat, Swelling,
Pain, Loss of function; Systemic: Feve r; ↑ WBC; ↑ C RP; ↑ ES R.
Healing Phases - CO R RECT✅✅1) Inflammato ry 2) P rolife rative ( resto re st ructu
re) 3) Remodeling ( resto re function).
Ch ronic Inflammation - CO R RECT✅✅> 6 months; monocytes/mac
rophages/lymphocytes; g ranulomas & sca r ring common.
Mnemonic fo r Inflammation - CO R RECT✅✅ Really Hot Swollen Painful Legs →
Redness, Heat, Swelling, Pain, Loss of function.
Types of Immunity - CO R RECT✅✅Innate (fast, nonspecific, sho rt) vs Adaptive
(slow, specific, memo ry).
Cells involved in Immunity - CO R RECT✅✅T (CD8 cytotoxic, CD4 helpe r), B →
plasma (antibodies), NK; lymphatic o rgans: ma r row, thymus, spleen, nodes, lymphoid
tissue.
Cells - CO R RECT✅✅T (CD8 cytotoxic, CD4 helpe r), B → plasma (antibodies), NK;
lymphatic o rgans: ma r row, thymus, spleen, nodes, lymphoid tissue.
Humo ral - CO R RECT✅✅IgA, IgD, IgE, IgG, IgM; P rima ry vs Seconda ry
responses.
Cell-Mediated - CO R RECT✅✅T cell responses via MHC/HLA.
Host defense failu re - CO R RECT✅✅Antigenic va riation, latency,
immunodeficiency.
