NU 606 Final Exam 3 Questions with
Guaranteed Pass Solutions 2025\2026
Updated.
Paralysis - Answer loss of motor function
Paresis - Answer weakness
Plegia - Answer stroke or paralysis
mono- - Answer one limb
hemi- - Answer both limbs on one side
di- or para- - Answer both upper limbs or both lower limbs
quadri- or tetra- - Answer all four limbs
3 possible problems with the motor unit - Answer 1. skeletal muscle atrophy/dystrophy
2. neuromuscular junction disorders
3. peripheral nerve injury
the motor unit - Answer alpha motor neuron and the muscle fibers it innervates
most of the diseases of the motor unit cause... - Answer weakness and wasting of skeletal
muscle
components of the motor unit which cause disease when affected - Answer 1. cell body of the
motor neuron
2. the axon of the motor neuron
3. the neuromuscular junction (NMJ)
,reduction in the diameter of the muscle fibers because of a loss of protein filaments
Skeletal Muscle Problems: Disuse Atrophy - Answer - think of how a leg in a cast gets small and
weak
- normally innervated muscle is not used for a long period of time
- muscle cells shrink in diameter, lose contractile proteins, and become weak (do not die)
Skeletal Muscle Problems: Muscular Dystrophy - Answer - DMD and BMD x-linked recessive
- caused by mutations in the dystrophin gene
pathophysiology of muscular dystrophy - Answer the mutation in the dystrophin gene means
that the dystrophin protein is not properly attached to the cell membrane, and the muscle cells
do not effectively contract. There is progressive degeneration and eventual necrosis of the
muscle tissue. Finally, the muscle is replaced by connective tissue
dystrophin - Answer Links thin filaments to proteins of sarcolemma
Duchenne muscular dystrophy (DMD) - Answer *no dystrophin*
most common form of muscular dystrophy; affects primarily boys with onset between the ages
of 3 and 5 years; the disorder progresses rapidly so that most of these boys are unable to walk
by age 12 and later need a respirator to breathe
Becker muscular dystrophy (BMD) - Answer *some dystrophin*
very similar to, but less severe than, Duchenne muscular dystrophy
Neuromuscular Junction Problems: Decreased Ach Release - Answer - botulism
- gentamicin
Neuromuscular Junction Problems: Decreased Achesterase - Answer - physostigmine
- neostigmine
- organophosphates
, BLOCKS THE RELEASE OF ACH INTO THE NMJ
Gentamicin - Answer Aminoglycoside antibiotic
adverse effect is that is can BLOCK THE RELEASE OF ACH INTO THE NMJ
Physostigmine and Neostigmine - Answer used to treat myasthenia graves
INHIBIT ACHESTERASE meaning PREVENTS THE BREAKDOWN OF ACH so ACh stays in the NMJ
longer
- causes loss of respiratory function
organophosphates - Answer bind to achesterase and prevent them from breacking down ach
- cause loss of respiratory function
curare - Answer a drug that blocks nicotinic acetylcholine receptors
- ACh cannot bind to the receptors on the muscle cells
- it paralyzes the individual, but eventually it wears off
- think of poison darts used by indigenous South American people
myasthenia gravis - Answer a chronic autoimmune disease that affects the neuromuscular
junction and produces serious weakness of voluntary muscles
- the ach receptors don't work, so they are treated with drugs that prevent the breakdown of
ACh in the NMJ to make the ACh available for longer
Myasthenia Gravis - Answer - autoimmune disease
- gradual destruction of ACh receptors b/c the patient makes autoantibodies for the receptors
- gradual development of weakness from proximal to distal (usually starts with drooping eyelid)
myasthenia crisis - Answer respiration compromised
True or false?
Acetylcholinesterase stimulates the release of acetylcholine (ACh). - Answer FALSE
Guaranteed Pass Solutions 2025\2026
Updated.
Paralysis - Answer loss of motor function
Paresis - Answer weakness
Plegia - Answer stroke or paralysis
mono- - Answer one limb
hemi- - Answer both limbs on one side
di- or para- - Answer both upper limbs or both lower limbs
quadri- or tetra- - Answer all four limbs
3 possible problems with the motor unit - Answer 1. skeletal muscle atrophy/dystrophy
2. neuromuscular junction disorders
3. peripheral nerve injury
the motor unit - Answer alpha motor neuron and the muscle fibers it innervates
most of the diseases of the motor unit cause... - Answer weakness and wasting of skeletal
muscle
components of the motor unit which cause disease when affected - Answer 1. cell body of the
motor neuron
2. the axon of the motor neuron
3. the neuromuscular junction (NMJ)
,reduction in the diameter of the muscle fibers because of a loss of protein filaments
Skeletal Muscle Problems: Disuse Atrophy - Answer - think of how a leg in a cast gets small and
weak
- normally innervated muscle is not used for a long period of time
- muscle cells shrink in diameter, lose contractile proteins, and become weak (do not die)
Skeletal Muscle Problems: Muscular Dystrophy - Answer - DMD and BMD x-linked recessive
- caused by mutations in the dystrophin gene
pathophysiology of muscular dystrophy - Answer the mutation in the dystrophin gene means
that the dystrophin protein is not properly attached to the cell membrane, and the muscle cells
do not effectively contract. There is progressive degeneration and eventual necrosis of the
muscle tissue. Finally, the muscle is replaced by connective tissue
dystrophin - Answer Links thin filaments to proteins of sarcolemma
Duchenne muscular dystrophy (DMD) - Answer *no dystrophin*
most common form of muscular dystrophy; affects primarily boys with onset between the ages
of 3 and 5 years; the disorder progresses rapidly so that most of these boys are unable to walk
by age 12 and later need a respirator to breathe
Becker muscular dystrophy (BMD) - Answer *some dystrophin*
very similar to, but less severe than, Duchenne muscular dystrophy
Neuromuscular Junction Problems: Decreased Ach Release - Answer - botulism
- gentamicin
Neuromuscular Junction Problems: Decreased Achesterase - Answer - physostigmine
- neostigmine
- organophosphates
, BLOCKS THE RELEASE OF ACH INTO THE NMJ
Gentamicin - Answer Aminoglycoside antibiotic
adverse effect is that is can BLOCK THE RELEASE OF ACH INTO THE NMJ
Physostigmine and Neostigmine - Answer used to treat myasthenia graves
INHIBIT ACHESTERASE meaning PREVENTS THE BREAKDOWN OF ACH so ACh stays in the NMJ
longer
- causes loss of respiratory function
organophosphates - Answer bind to achesterase and prevent them from breacking down ach
- cause loss of respiratory function
curare - Answer a drug that blocks nicotinic acetylcholine receptors
- ACh cannot bind to the receptors on the muscle cells
- it paralyzes the individual, but eventually it wears off
- think of poison darts used by indigenous South American people
myasthenia gravis - Answer a chronic autoimmune disease that affects the neuromuscular
junction and produces serious weakness of voluntary muscles
- the ach receptors don't work, so they are treated with drugs that prevent the breakdown of
ACh in the NMJ to make the ACh available for longer
Myasthenia Gravis - Answer - autoimmune disease
- gradual destruction of ACh receptors b/c the patient makes autoantibodies for the receptors
- gradual development of weakness from proximal to distal (usually starts with drooping eyelid)
myasthenia crisis - Answer respiration compromised
True or false?
Acetylcholinesterase stimulates the release of acetylcholine (ACh). - Answer FALSE
