CSD 560 Midterm Study Guide | Answered with complete solutions

CSD 560 Midterm Study Guide | Answered with complete solutions A researcher conducts a meta-analysis, synthesizing the results of 20 high-quality studies on a specific therapy technique to determine its overall effectiveness. What type of research is this? a. nonempirical b. qualitative c. quasi-experimental d. empirical A study investigates a new fluency therapy. The researcher uses two existing clinical groups, assigning one to the new therapy and the other to a traditional approach. What is the key element that prevents this from being a true experimental design? a. there is no control group b. there is no pretest or posttest c. there is a lack of random assignment d. there is no manipulation of a variable A researcher designs a study to see if a specific brand of fertilizer helps tomato plants grow taller. The researcher measures the height of the plants after one month. In this study, what is the dependent variable? a. the type of tomato plant b. the brand of fertilizer c. the duration of the study (one month) d. the height of the plants An SLP conducts a year-long therapy study with a group of preschoolers who have a language delay. At the end of the year, the children show significant improvement. The SLP is concerned the gains might be due to the children's normal language development rather than just the therapy. Which threat to internal validity does this scenario describe? a. statistical regression b. history c. maturation d. instrumentation Using the dartboard analogy for measurement, if a test's results are widely scattered all over the board and not clustered in one spot, what can be concluded about the test? a. it is both reliable and valid b. it is valid, but not reliable c. it is reliable, but not valid d. it is not reliable Which of the following characteristics is most representative of quantitative research? a. it focuses on in-depth understanding of a small number of participants b. it uses an inductive approach to develop theories from observations c. the researcher may adjust the approach as the study proceeds d. it presents results as quantities and used statistical analysis A researcher starts with the theory of cognitive dissonance, develops a hypothesis that people will rate an item more favorably after choosing it, and then collects numerical data to test this prediction. This process is an example of what kind of reasoning? a. operational definition b. inductive reasoning c. deductive reasoning d. researcher triangulation A researcher states the following: "There is no relationship between the number of hours a student studies and their final exam score." What is this statement an example of? a. a null hypothesis b. a directional hypothesis c. a research question d. an alternative hypothesis In formulating a PICO question to guide a search for evidence, what does the 'I' represent? a. investigation b. instrumentation c. importance d. intervention A researcher studies a group of individuals with a specific disorder and compares them to a carefully matched group of individuals without the disorder to identify potential causal factors from their past. Which type of nonexperimental research design is this? a. longitudinal study b. correlational study c. case-control study d. survey research A study aims to understand the 'lived experience' of parents raising late-talking toddlers by conducting in-depth, open-ended interviews. This approach, which focuses on how individuals see and encounter the world, aligns with which type of qualitative research? a. grounded theory b. phenomenology c. ethnography d. conversation analysis In a qualitative study, the researcher makes a deliberate effort to find instances in the data that contradict their emerging findings or expectations. This strategy for reducing researcher bias is known as: a. researcher triangulation b. negative case sampling c. reflexivity d. thick description To evaluate a new assessment, an examiner administers it to a group of participants. One week later, the same examiner administers the same test to the same participants and compares the two sets of scores. This process is checking for what type of reliability? a. internal consistency reliability b. inter-rater reliability c. test-retest reliability d. split-half reliability A test developer creates a new assessment for childhood apraxia of speech. To demonstrate its validity, they show that children's scores on the test are highly correlated with their future progress in therapy a year later. This is a method for establishing what type of validity? a. predictive validity b. content validity c. concurrent validity d. construct validity According to the American Speech-Language-Hearing Association (ASHA), Evidence-Based Practice (EBP) is an approach that integrates high-quality research evidence with what other two key components? a. historical clinical practices and peer options b. the newest available technology and administrative approval c. insurance reimbursement policies and clinic protocols d. practitioner expertise and client preferences/values What is the term for a systematic process of asking and answering questions using predetermined procedures? systematic inquiry Research that involves collecting new data through observations and measurements is known as what? empirical research What type of research uses existing data, such as literature reviews or systematic reviews? nonempirical research The variable that is manipulated by the researcher to observe an effect is called the ______________ variable. Independent What is the name for the outcome variable that a researcher measures? dependent variable In an experiment testing different fertilizers on plant growth, what is the independent variable? the type of fertilizer given to the plant In an experiment testing different fertilizers on plant growth, what is the dependent variable? the height of the plant What is the key feature that differentiates true experimental research from quasi-experimental research? random assignment of participants to groups True experimental research requires both manipulation of variables and what other crucial element? random assignment What type of research studies existing conditions or differences without manipulating variables? nonexperimental research Name two examples of nonexperimental research designs. case studies, survey research, field studies, correlational research, or longitudinal research Quantitative research is characterized by the use of _______ data and statistical analysis. numerical Qualitative research is characterized by the use of ________ and in-depth descriptions, focusing on the 'lived experience'. Words What is the term for the approach that integrates research evidence, practitioner expertise, and client preferences? evidence-based practice (EBP) What is the first step in the EBP process? formulating a question based on a clinical problem What does the 'P' in a PICO question stand for? patient/population A formal statement of a predicted outcome in a research study is called a __________. Hypothesis Which type of hypothesis states that there will be no difference or no effect? the null hypothesis (H0) Which type of hypothesis predicts an outcome or effect, and can be directional or non-directional? the alternative hypothesis (H1) The researchers should aim to reject or fail to reject which hypothesis? the null hypothesis (H0) What term describes the specific and precise way independent and dependent variables are defined to allow for study replication? operational definition The extent to which a research measurement is accurate and measures what it claims to measure is know as ________. Validity The extent to which a research measurement is consistent and produces the same results over time is known as ________. Reliability Using the dartboard analogy, what does it represent when arrows are clustered together but are off target? reliable, but not valid What is the term for the extent to which conclusions about cause-and-effect relationships in a study are accurate? internal validity