NURS 5315 UTA Exam 3 Skeletal Outlines + |\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\
Practice Questions WITH ANSWERS |\ |\ |\
How does blood flow through the heart chambers/valves?
|\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\
Superior vena cava to inferior vena cave. Blood then enters the
|\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\
right atrium and passes through the tricuspid valve to the right
|\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\
ventricle. The right ventricle pumps the blood to the lungs
|\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\
through the pulmonary valve to the pulmonary arteries where it
|\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\
becomes oxygenated. The oxygenated blood is brought back to
|\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\
the heart by the pulmonary veins which enter the left atrium.
|\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\
From the left atrium blood flows through the bicuspid (mitral)
|\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\
valve into the left ventricle.
|\ |\ |\ |\
Which coronary arteries provide blood to which part of the heart?
|\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\
a. ) Left coronary artery
|\ |\ |\ |\
i.) Left anterior descending artery:widow maker
|\ |\ |\ |\ |\
LV and RV, intraventricular septum
|\ |\ |\ |\
ii. ) Circumflex: LA and left lateral wall of LV.
|\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\
,b. ) Right coronary artery
|\ |\ |\ |\
RV, intraventricular sulcus and small vessels of the RV and LV
|\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\
What factors contribute to blood flow in a vessel?
|\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\
Pressure difference between two ends of a vessel
|\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\
Resistance: r/t diameter of a vessel |\ |\ |\ |\ |\
Viscosity (n) of the blood |\ |\ |\ |\
Length (l) of the vessel |\ |\ |\ |\
What does QP: QS mean and what factors alter a normal ratio?
|\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\
Q=blood flow |\
QP= blood flow to the lungs (pulmonary) : QS= blood flow to the
|\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\
body (systemic) |\
i ) Vascular resistance =measures in woods units
|\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\
ii) Pulmonary vascular resistance (PVR)
|\ |\ |\ |\
1. ) <8 weeks of age: 8-10 woods units/m2
|\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\
2. ) >8 weeks of age: 1-3 woods units/m2
|\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\
iii) Systemic vascular resistance
|\ |\ |\
1. ) Infant 10-15 woods units/m2
|\ |\ |\ |\ |\
2.) 1-2 years old: 15-20 woods units/m2
|\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\
,3.) Child to adult: 15-30 woods units/m2
|\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\
a) Factors affecting resistance
|\ |\ |\
i.) Compliance-ease that blood travels through the arteries
|\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\
1. Constriction and relaxation of smooth muscle of arteries and
|\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\
arterioles
a. ) Sympathetic nervous system
|\ |\ |\ |\
b.) Local tissue metabolism
|\ |\ |\
c.) Hormone responses
|\ |\
d.) Changes in chemical environment
|\ |\ |\ |\
Explain the process of cardiac contraction and relaxation.
|\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\
What are the roles of actin, myosin, and troponin in this process?
|\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\
At rest, active sites on actin are blocked by troponin and
|\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\
tropomyosin complexes. During action potential, troponin C binds |\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\
with calcium and moves the complexes off the actin active site.
|\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\
Actin and myosin interact (contract).
|\ |\ |\ |\
"Walk-along" theory: |\
Head of myosin cross-bridge attached to the actin filament at the
|\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\
active site.
|\ |\
Intra molecular forces cause the myosin head to tilt forward on a
|\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\
flexible hinge and drag the actin filament with it (power stroke)
|\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\
Myosin head breaks away and interacts with the next actin active
|\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\
site.
|\
, Z disc pulls filaments together at the sarcomeres= muscle
|\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\
contraction.
What is the effect of Epinephrine on the cardiovascular system?
|\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\
Stronger Alpha 1 than Alpha 2. Works on both, equally strong on
|\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\
Beta 1 (renin release), and Beta 2. Positive inotrope. Increases
|\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\
heart rate, smooth muscle contraction, myocardial contractility,
|\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\
coronary flow, increase systolic blood pressure, mild increase in
|\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\
diastolic blood pressure. |\ |\
What is the effect of Norepinephrine on the cardiovascular
|\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\
system?
Slightly stronger Alpha 2 than Alpha 1. Some effect on Beta 1,
|\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\
none on Beta 2. Strong vasoconstriction (smooth muscle
|\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\
contraction). Increase coronary flow, increase systolic and some
|\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\
diastolic BP. |\
What is the effect of Dopamine on the cardiovascular system?
|\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\
Positive inotrope. Increases HR, increases BP (vasoconstriction)
|\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\
Alpha 1, 2, beta 1 and dopamine receptors)
|\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\
What is the process of generating a cardiac action potential?
|\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\
What electrolytes are involved?
|\ |\ |\
Practice Questions WITH ANSWERS |\ |\ |\
How does blood flow through the heart chambers/valves?
|\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\
Superior vena cava to inferior vena cave. Blood then enters the
|\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\
right atrium and passes through the tricuspid valve to the right
|\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\
ventricle. The right ventricle pumps the blood to the lungs
|\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\
through the pulmonary valve to the pulmonary arteries where it
|\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\
becomes oxygenated. The oxygenated blood is brought back to
|\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\
the heart by the pulmonary veins which enter the left atrium.
|\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\
From the left atrium blood flows through the bicuspid (mitral)
|\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\
valve into the left ventricle.
|\ |\ |\ |\
Which coronary arteries provide blood to which part of the heart?
|\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\
a. ) Left coronary artery
|\ |\ |\ |\
i.) Left anterior descending artery:widow maker
|\ |\ |\ |\ |\
LV and RV, intraventricular septum
|\ |\ |\ |\
ii. ) Circumflex: LA and left lateral wall of LV.
|\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\
,b. ) Right coronary artery
|\ |\ |\ |\
RV, intraventricular sulcus and small vessels of the RV and LV
|\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\
What factors contribute to blood flow in a vessel?
|\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\
Pressure difference between two ends of a vessel
|\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\
Resistance: r/t diameter of a vessel |\ |\ |\ |\ |\
Viscosity (n) of the blood |\ |\ |\ |\
Length (l) of the vessel |\ |\ |\ |\
What does QP: QS mean and what factors alter a normal ratio?
|\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\
Q=blood flow |\
QP= blood flow to the lungs (pulmonary) : QS= blood flow to the
|\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\
body (systemic) |\
i ) Vascular resistance =measures in woods units
|\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\
ii) Pulmonary vascular resistance (PVR)
|\ |\ |\ |\
1. ) <8 weeks of age: 8-10 woods units/m2
|\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\
2. ) >8 weeks of age: 1-3 woods units/m2
|\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\
iii) Systemic vascular resistance
|\ |\ |\
1. ) Infant 10-15 woods units/m2
|\ |\ |\ |\ |\
2.) 1-2 years old: 15-20 woods units/m2
|\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\
,3.) Child to adult: 15-30 woods units/m2
|\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\
a) Factors affecting resistance
|\ |\ |\
i.) Compliance-ease that blood travels through the arteries
|\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\
1. Constriction and relaxation of smooth muscle of arteries and
|\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\
arterioles
a. ) Sympathetic nervous system
|\ |\ |\ |\
b.) Local tissue metabolism
|\ |\ |\
c.) Hormone responses
|\ |\
d.) Changes in chemical environment
|\ |\ |\ |\
Explain the process of cardiac contraction and relaxation.
|\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\
What are the roles of actin, myosin, and troponin in this process?
|\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\
At rest, active sites on actin are blocked by troponin and
|\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\
tropomyosin complexes. During action potential, troponin C binds |\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\
with calcium and moves the complexes off the actin active site.
|\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\
Actin and myosin interact (contract).
|\ |\ |\ |\
"Walk-along" theory: |\
Head of myosin cross-bridge attached to the actin filament at the
|\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\
active site.
|\ |\
Intra molecular forces cause the myosin head to tilt forward on a
|\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\
flexible hinge and drag the actin filament with it (power stroke)
|\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\
Myosin head breaks away and interacts with the next actin active
|\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\
site.
|\
, Z disc pulls filaments together at the sarcomeres= muscle
|\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\
contraction.
What is the effect of Epinephrine on the cardiovascular system?
|\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\
Stronger Alpha 1 than Alpha 2. Works on both, equally strong on
|\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\
Beta 1 (renin release), and Beta 2. Positive inotrope. Increases
|\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\
heart rate, smooth muscle contraction, myocardial contractility,
|\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\
coronary flow, increase systolic blood pressure, mild increase in
|\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\
diastolic blood pressure. |\ |\
What is the effect of Norepinephrine on the cardiovascular
|\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\
system?
Slightly stronger Alpha 2 than Alpha 1. Some effect on Beta 1,
|\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\
none on Beta 2. Strong vasoconstriction (smooth muscle
|\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\
contraction). Increase coronary flow, increase systolic and some
|\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\
diastolic BP. |\
What is the effect of Dopamine on the cardiovascular system?
|\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\
Positive inotrope. Increases HR, increases BP (vasoconstriction)
|\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\
Alpha 1, 2, beta 1 and dopamine receptors)
|\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\
What is the process of generating a cardiac action potential?
|\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\
What electrolytes are involved?
|\ |\ |\
