Science / Medicine / Nursing
PORTAGE LEARNING PATHOPHYSIOLOGY NURS 231/ BIOD 331
FINAL EXAM|MODULE 1-10 EXAMS ALL VERSIONS LATEST
UPDATE 2025/2026| A+ GRADED
QUESTIONS ANSWERS
What are the normal's for the 1) 1.000-1.030
following labs 2) 270-300
1) Urine Specific Gravity 3) pH 7.35-7.45// HC03 22-26// PaCO2 35-45// Pa02 80-100
2) Serum Osmolality 4) troponin I <0.03 ng/mL
3) ABG (pH, HCO3, PaCO2, PaO2) 5) Na+ 135-145//K+ 3.5-5// Ca+ 9-10.5//Mg+ 1.2-2
4) troponin I 6) BUN 10-20//Creat 0.5-1.2
5) electrolyte panel( Na+, K+, Ca+, 7) hgb 12-18// hct 37-52%// rbc 4.2-6.1// wbc 5,000-10,000//
Mg+)
platelets 150,000- 400,000
6) BUN & Creatinine
CBC ( hgb, hct, RBC, WBC,
7)
platelets)
Match the lab profile with the 1) A
most likely fluid imbalance like A) 2) B
Fluid Volume Deficit 3) A
2) Fluid Volume Excess
1)______ Na 148; Hct 40% yesterday, 49%
today;
serum osmolarity 308
2)_______ Hgb
13.2 yesterday, 10.1 today;
Urine
specific gravity 1.001
3)________BUN 45; Cr 0.7
Page 1
,The nurse is preparing to b) Serum potassium 5.6
administer lisinopril (Zestril) to *ACE inhibitors can cause/exacerbate hyperkalemia.
a patient with acute coronary
syndrome. Which of the following
findings should prompt the
nurse to hold the medication and
consult the healthcare provider?
a) Serum sodium level 134
b) Serum potassium 5.6
c) Heart rate 58
Blood pressure 125/78
d)
The nurse is caring for a patient a) Lactated Ringers
who is in hypovolemic shock *Isotonic solutions (crystalloids) are used to restore fluid volume
following an extensive burn injury. in patients with shock. Lactated Ringers is isotonic. Normal saline
What is the intravenous fluid of is also isotonic.
choice for this patient in the
emergent phase of treatment?
a) Lactated Ringers
b) 0.45 NS with 20 mEq potassium
chloride
c) Fresh Frozen Plasma
5% Dextrose in saline
d)
The client on a ventilator is b) Lung sounds absent on one side.
assessed for untoward *This may indicate a pneumothorax--a complication caused by barotrauma.
responses to the therapy. Which
of the following would indicate
a possible complication of
ventilator therapy?
a) Blood pressure has increased
5mmHg in the last 24 hours
b) Lung sounds absent on one side.
c) Forceful cough periodically
d) Broncho-vesicular breath
sounds throughout
peripheral lung fields.
Page 2
,The pressure reading during a) Assess the client's oxygenation.
inspiration on the ventilator of a
client receiving mechanical
ventilation is high and alarming
intermittently. What is the
nurse's first action?
a) Assess the client's oxygenation.
b) Call the RT to check the
ventilator settings.
c) Listen for bilateral lung sounds.
d) Determine whether an air leak
is present in the client's
endotracheal tube cuff.
Which assessment finding best c) Serum sodium level has changed from 151 to 143.
indicates that fluid
resuscitation therapy for the
patient with hypertonic
dehydration has acheived the
desired effect?
a) Peripheral pulses changed from 1+
to 3+
b) Neck veins slightly
distended @ 30 degrees
c) Serum sodium level has
changed from 151 to 143.
d) Pulse oximetry shows oxygen
saturation of 95%
Page 3
, Which intravenous solution should d) 0.9% saline
you be prepared to administer to
a patient with isotonic
dehydration?
a) 0.45% saline
b) Dextrose 5% in water
c) Dextrose 10% in water
d)0.9% saline
A patient is receiving a)Angina
dobutamine [Dobutrex] as a c)Dysrhythmia
continuous infusion in the s
immediate postoperative period. e)Tachycardi
The patient also is receiving a a
diuretic. What adverse drug
reactions are possible in this *Is a beta1 aderenergic agonist; general anesthetics can increase
patient? (select all that apply) the likelihood of dysrhythmias. Dobutamine elevates BP by
a)Angina increasing CO. Diuretics complement the beneficial effects of
b)Hypoten dobutamine on the kidney, so urine output would be increased,
sion not decreased.
c)Dysrhyth
mias
d)Oliguria
e)Tachycar
dia
A patient who has severe sepsis is a) 250 mL of urine in the past 6 hours
receiving an intravenous normal
saline infusion. She weighs 78 *Fluid resuscitation goals in sepsis are: MAP > 65, UO . 0.5
kgs. Which of the following is an mL/kg/hr, and/or CVP 8-12 mm Hg.
indicator that the therapeutic
goal has been met?
a) 250 mL of urine in the past 6 hours
b) Arterial blood pressure is 90/42
c) Central Venous Pressure is 2 mm
Hg
d) Patient's heart rate is 101
Page 4
PORTAGE LEARNING PATHOPHYSIOLOGY NURS 231/ BIOD 331
FINAL EXAM|MODULE 1-10 EXAMS ALL VERSIONS LATEST
UPDATE 2025/2026| A+ GRADED
QUESTIONS ANSWERS
What are the normal's for the 1) 1.000-1.030
following labs 2) 270-300
1) Urine Specific Gravity 3) pH 7.35-7.45// HC03 22-26// PaCO2 35-45// Pa02 80-100
2) Serum Osmolality 4) troponin I <0.03 ng/mL
3) ABG (pH, HCO3, PaCO2, PaO2) 5) Na+ 135-145//K+ 3.5-5// Ca+ 9-10.5//Mg+ 1.2-2
4) troponin I 6) BUN 10-20//Creat 0.5-1.2
5) electrolyte panel( Na+, K+, Ca+, 7) hgb 12-18// hct 37-52%// rbc 4.2-6.1// wbc 5,000-10,000//
Mg+)
platelets 150,000- 400,000
6) BUN & Creatinine
CBC ( hgb, hct, RBC, WBC,
7)
platelets)
Match the lab profile with the 1) A
most likely fluid imbalance like A) 2) B
Fluid Volume Deficit 3) A
2) Fluid Volume Excess
1)______ Na 148; Hct 40% yesterday, 49%
today;
serum osmolarity 308
2)_______ Hgb
13.2 yesterday, 10.1 today;
Urine
specific gravity 1.001
3)________BUN 45; Cr 0.7
Page 1
,The nurse is preparing to b) Serum potassium 5.6
administer lisinopril (Zestril) to *ACE inhibitors can cause/exacerbate hyperkalemia.
a patient with acute coronary
syndrome. Which of the following
findings should prompt the
nurse to hold the medication and
consult the healthcare provider?
a) Serum sodium level 134
b) Serum potassium 5.6
c) Heart rate 58
Blood pressure 125/78
d)
The nurse is caring for a patient a) Lactated Ringers
who is in hypovolemic shock *Isotonic solutions (crystalloids) are used to restore fluid volume
following an extensive burn injury. in patients with shock. Lactated Ringers is isotonic. Normal saline
What is the intravenous fluid of is also isotonic.
choice for this patient in the
emergent phase of treatment?
a) Lactated Ringers
b) 0.45 NS with 20 mEq potassium
chloride
c) Fresh Frozen Plasma
5% Dextrose in saline
d)
The client on a ventilator is b) Lung sounds absent on one side.
assessed for untoward *This may indicate a pneumothorax--a complication caused by barotrauma.
responses to the therapy. Which
of the following would indicate
a possible complication of
ventilator therapy?
a) Blood pressure has increased
5mmHg in the last 24 hours
b) Lung sounds absent on one side.
c) Forceful cough periodically
d) Broncho-vesicular breath
sounds throughout
peripheral lung fields.
Page 2
,The pressure reading during a) Assess the client's oxygenation.
inspiration on the ventilator of a
client receiving mechanical
ventilation is high and alarming
intermittently. What is the
nurse's first action?
a) Assess the client's oxygenation.
b) Call the RT to check the
ventilator settings.
c) Listen for bilateral lung sounds.
d) Determine whether an air leak
is present in the client's
endotracheal tube cuff.
Which assessment finding best c) Serum sodium level has changed from 151 to 143.
indicates that fluid
resuscitation therapy for the
patient with hypertonic
dehydration has acheived the
desired effect?
a) Peripheral pulses changed from 1+
to 3+
b) Neck veins slightly
distended @ 30 degrees
c) Serum sodium level has
changed from 151 to 143.
d) Pulse oximetry shows oxygen
saturation of 95%
Page 3
, Which intravenous solution should d) 0.9% saline
you be prepared to administer to
a patient with isotonic
dehydration?
a) 0.45% saline
b) Dextrose 5% in water
c) Dextrose 10% in water
d)0.9% saline
A patient is receiving a)Angina
dobutamine [Dobutrex] as a c)Dysrhythmia
continuous infusion in the s
immediate postoperative period. e)Tachycardi
The patient also is receiving a a
diuretic. What adverse drug
reactions are possible in this *Is a beta1 aderenergic agonist; general anesthetics can increase
patient? (select all that apply) the likelihood of dysrhythmias. Dobutamine elevates BP by
a)Angina increasing CO. Diuretics complement the beneficial effects of
b)Hypoten dobutamine on the kidney, so urine output would be increased,
sion not decreased.
c)Dysrhyth
mias
d)Oliguria
e)Tachycar
dia
A patient who has severe sepsis is a) 250 mL of urine in the past 6 hours
receiving an intravenous normal
saline infusion. She weighs 78 *Fluid resuscitation goals in sepsis are: MAP > 65, UO . 0.5
kgs. Which of the following is an mL/kg/hr, and/or CVP 8-12 mm Hg.
indicator that the therapeutic
goal has been met?
a) 250 mL of urine in the past 6 hours
b) Arterial blood pressure is 90/42
c) Central Venous Pressure is 2 mm
Hg
d) Patient's heart rate is 101
Page 4
