BIOL 1593 Final Review: Key Concepts to Know.
A Comprehensive Study Guide with 100% Verification by
Expert.
Latest Updated 2025/2026
anatomy - ansThe study of body structure
Gross Anatomy - ansStudy of structures that can be seen with the naked eye
Microscopic Anatomy - ansdeals with structures too small to be seen with the naked eye
Regional Anatomy - ansthe study of the interrelationships of all of the structures in a specific
body region
systemic anatomy - ansthe study of the structures that make up a discrete body system
Physiology - ansscientific study of the chemistry and physics of the structures of the body
and the ways in which they work together
Homeostasis - anssteady internal conditions maintained by living things
cells - ansThe basic unit of structure and function in all living things
Tissues - ansgroups of similar cells that perform a specific function in an organism
Organs - ansstructures of definite form that have specific functions and are composed of two
or more different tissues
Systems - ansconsist of related organs that have a common function
Major body systems (10) - ansintegumentary, skeletal, muscular, nervous, endocrine,
circulatory, respiratory, digestive, urinary, reproductive
integumentary system - ansencloses internal body structures, site of many sensory receptors
skeletal system - anssupports the body, enables movement (with muscular system)
muscular system - ansenables movement, helps maintain body temperature
nervous system - ansdetects and processes sensory information, activated bodily responses
endocrine system - anssecretes hormones, regulates bodily processes
cardiovascular system - ansdelivers oxygen and nutrients to tissues, equalizes temperature in
the body
lymphatic system - ansreturns fluids to blood vessels, cleanses the blood, involved in
immunity
respiratory system - ansremoves carbon dioxide from the body, delivers oxygen to blood
digestive system - ansprocesses food for use by the body, removes wastes from undigested
food
urinary system - anscontrols water balance in the body, removes wastes from blood and
excretes them
male reproductive system - ansproduces sex hormones and gametes, delivers gametes to
female
female reproductive system - ansproduces sex hormones and gametes, supports embryo/fetus
until birth, produces milk for infant
major characteristics of life (6) - ansmetabolism, responsiveness, movement, growth,
differentiation, reproduction
nervous system - homeostasis - ansdetects changes and sends nerve impulses to counteract
the disruption, works rapidly
endocrine system - homeostasis - ansregulates homeostasis by secreting hormones, works
slowly
feedback system - anscycle of events through which information about the status of a
condition is continually monitored and fed back to a central control region
stimulus - ansany disruption that changes a controlled condition
components of a feedback system (3) - ansReceptor, control centre, effector
receptor - ansmonitors changes in a controlled condition and sends input to control center as
nerve impulse or chemical signal
,BIOL 1593 Final Review: Key Concepts to Know.
A Comprehensive Study Guide with 100% Verification by
Expert.
Latest Updated 2025/2026
control centre - ansSets the range of values for the maintenance of a controlled condition,
evaluates the input received from the receptors, and generates output commands when needed
effector - ansreceives directions from the control center and produces a response or effect that
changes the controlled condition
negative feedback - ansif a response reverses the original stimulus the system is a negative
feedback system, ex homeostasis of body temp. or blood glucose level
positive feedback - ansif a response enhances the original stimulus the system is a positive
feedback system, ex childbirth
disorder - ansgeneral term for any derangement or abnormality of function
disease - ansterm for illness characterized by a recognizable set of signs and symptoms
symptom - anssubjective changes in body functions that are not apparent to an observer
sign - ansobjective changes in body functions that a clinician can measure
anatomical position - ansa standard position in which the body is facing forward, the feet are
parallel to each other, and the arms are at the sides with the palms facing forward
planes - ansan imaginary line that divides the body or an organ into sections
Principal planes - ansmidsagittal (medial) and parasagittal, frontal (coronal), transverse
(cross-sectional or horizontal) and oblique
sections - ansflat surfaces resulting from cuts through body structures
dorsal or posterior - ansback of body
Ventral or anterior - ansfront of the body
Superior or cranial - ansabove; toward the head
inferior or caudal - ansbelow; toward the soles of the feet
lateral - ansaway from the midline
medial - anstoward the midline
proximal - anscloser to the origin of the body part or the point of attachment of a limb to the
body trunk
distal - ansfarther from the origin of a body part or the point of attachment of a limb to the
body trunk
superficial - ansnear the surface
deep - ansAway from the body surface; more internal
sagittal plane - ansa vertical plane that divides the body into right and left parts
frontal plane - ansdivides the body into anterior and posterior portions
transverse plane - anshorizontal division of the body into upper and lower portions
body cavity - ansspaces within the body that help protect, separate, and support internal
organs
dorsal body cavity - anslocated near the dorsal surface of the body and has two subdivisions -
the cranial cavity and vertebral canal
cranial cavity - ansthe cranial bones form the cranial cavity which surround and protect the
brain
vertebral canal - ansformed by vertebral column and contains spinal cord and the beginnings
of spinal nerves
ventral cavity - ansthe diaphragm subdivides the ventral cavity into an upper thoracic cavity
and a lower abdominal cavity
thoracic cavity - anscontains two pleural cavities and the mediastinum which includes the
pericardial cavity
, BIOL 1593 Final Review: Key Concepts to Know.
A Comprehensive Study Guide with 100% Verification by
Expert.
Latest Updated 2025/2026
mediastinum - ansa broad, median partition between the lungs that extends from the sternum
to the vertebral column, contained everything in the thoracic cavity except the lungs
abdominopelvic cavity - anscontains a superior abdominal cavity and an inferior pelvic cavity
most abundant elements in the body - ansoxygen, carbon, hydrogen, nitrogen
isotope - ansAn atom with the same number of protons and a different number of neutrons
from other atoms of the same element.
free radical - ansan atom or a group of atoms that has one unpaired electron
antioxidants - anssubstances that inactive oxygen-derived free-radicals
ionic bond - ansA chemical bond resulting from the attraction between oppositely charged
ions.
covalent bond - ansA chemical bond that involves sharing a pair of electrons between atoms
in a molecule, strongest bonds and can be polar or nonpolar
hydrogen bond - anstwo other atoms associate with a hydrogen atom, they are weak bonds
and cannot bind atoms into a molecule, provide strength and stability between molecules
chemical reaction - ansoccurs whenever chemical bonds are formed, rearranged, or broken
potential energy - ansstored energy that results from the position or shape of an object
chemical energy - ansA form of potential energy that is stored in chemical bonds between
atoms.
kinetic energy - ansthe energy an object has due to its motion
synthesis reaction - ansa reaction in which two or more substances combine to form a new
compound
decomposition reaction - ansa reaction in which a single compound breaks down to form two
or more simpler substances
oxidation reaction - ansa chemical reaction in which a reactant loses one or more electrons
such that the reactant becomes more positive in charge, results in decreased potential energy
reduction reaction - ansa chemical change in which electrons are gained, results in increased
potential energy
inorganic compounds - ansA compound that does not contain the element carbon or contains
carbon bound to elements other than hydrogen.
hydrolysis reaction - ansA chemical reaction that breaks apart a larger molecule by adding a
molecule of water
dehydration synthesis - ansA chemical reaction in which two molecules covalently bond to
each other with the removal of a water molecule.
ionization of acids - ansionize into one or more hydrogen ions and one or more anions
dissociation of bases - ansdissociate into one or more hydroxide ion and one or more cations
buffer system - ansset of chemicals that can keep the pH of a solution stable by alternately
donating and accepting ions that contribute to pH, consists of a weak acid and a weak base
pHs to know (3) - ansurine = 6.3-6.6
saliva = 6.3-6.6
blood = 7.4
The principal polysaccharide in the human body is - ansglycogen, which is stored in the liver
or skeletal muscles.
triglycerids - ansmost plentiful lipids in the body and provide protection, insulation, and
energy
steroids - ansA type of lipid characterized by a carbon skeleton consisting of four rings with
various functional groups attached.
A Comprehensive Study Guide with 100% Verification by
Expert.
Latest Updated 2025/2026
anatomy - ansThe study of body structure
Gross Anatomy - ansStudy of structures that can be seen with the naked eye
Microscopic Anatomy - ansdeals with structures too small to be seen with the naked eye
Regional Anatomy - ansthe study of the interrelationships of all of the structures in a specific
body region
systemic anatomy - ansthe study of the structures that make up a discrete body system
Physiology - ansscientific study of the chemistry and physics of the structures of the body
and the ways in which they work together
Homeostasis - anssteady internal conditions maintained by living things
cells - ansThe basic unit of structure and function in all living things
Tissues - ansgroups of similar cells that perform a specific function in an organism
Organs - ansstructures of definite form that have specific functions and are composed of two
or more different tissues
Systems - ansconsist of related organs that have a common function
Major body systems (10) - ansintegumentary, skeletal, muscular, nervous, endocrine,
circulatory, respiratory, digestive, urinary, reproductive
integumentary system - ansencloses internal body structures, site of many sensory receptors
skeletal system - anssupports the body, enables movement (with muscular system)
muscular system - ansenables movement, helps maintain body temperature
nervous system - ansdetects and processes sensory information, activated bodily responses
endocrine system - anssecretes hormones, regulates bodily processes
cardiovascular system - ansdelivers oxygen and nutrients to tissues, equalizes temperature in
the body
lymphatic system - ansreturns fluids to blood vessels, cleanses the blood, involved in
immunity
respiratory system - ansremoves carbon dioxide from the body, delivers oxygen to blood
digestive system - ansprocesses food for use by the body, removes wastes from undigested
food
urinary system - anscontrols water balance in the body, removes wastes from blood and
excretes them
male reproductive system - ansproduces sex hormones and gametes, delivers gametes to
female
female reproductive system - ansproduces sex hormones and gametes, supports embryo/fetus
until birth, produces milk for infant
major characteristics of life (6) - ansmetabolism, responsiveness, movement, growth,
differentiation, reproduction
nervous system - homeostasis - ansdetects changes and sends nerve impulses to counteract
the disruption, works rapidly
endocrine system - homeostasis - ansregulates homeostasis by secreting hormones, works
slowly
feedback system - anscycle of events through which information about the status of a
condition is continually monitored and fed back to a central control region
stimulus - ansany disruption that changes a controlled condition
components of a feedback system (3) - ansReceptor, control centre, effector
receptor - ansmonitors changes in a controlled condition and sends input to control center as
nerve impulse or chemical signal
,BIOL 1593 Final Review: Key Concepts to Know.
A Comprehensive Study Guide with 100% Verification by
Expert.
Latest Updated 2025/2026
control centre - ansSets the range of values for the maintenance of a controlled condition,
evaluates the input received from the receptors, and generates output commands when needed
effector - ansreceives directions from the control center and produces a response or effect that
changes the controlled condition
negative feedback - ansif a response reverses the original stimulus the system is a negative
feedback system, ex homeostasis of body temp. or blood glucose level
positive feedback - ansif a response enhances the original stimulus the system is a positive
feedback system, ex childbirth
disorder - ansgeneral term for any derangement or abnormality of function
disease - ansterm for illness characterized by a recognizable set of signs and symptoms
symptom - anssubjective changes in body functions that are not apparent to an observer
sign - ansobjective changes in body functions that a clinician can measure
anatomical position - ansa standard position in which the body is facing forward, the feet are
parallel to each other, and the arms are at the sides with the palms facing forward
planes - ansan imaginary line that divides the body or an organ into sections
Principal planes - ansmidsagittal (medial) and parasagittal, frontal (coronal), transverse
(cross-sectional or horizontal) and oblique
sections - ansflat surfaces resulting from cuts through body structures
dorsal or posterior - ansback of body
Ventral or anterior - ansfront of the body
Superior or cranial - ansabove; toward the head
inferior or caudal - ansbelow; toward the soles of the feet
lateral - ansaway from the midline
medial - anstoward the midline
proximal - anscloser to the origin of the body part or the point of attachment of a limb to the
body trunk
distal - ansfarther from the origin of a body part or the point of attachment of a limb to the
body trunk
superficial - ansnear the surface
deep - ansAway from the body surface; more internal
sagittal plane - ansa vertical plane that divides the body into right and left parts
frontal plane - ansdivides the body into anterior and posterior portions
transverse plane - anshorizontal division of the body into upper and lower portions
body cavity - ansspaces within the body that help protect, separate, and support internal
organs
dorsal body cavity - anslocated near the dorsal surface of the body and has two subdivisions -
the cranial cavity and vertebral canal
cranial cavity - ansthe cranial bones form the cranial cavity which surround and protect the
brain
vertebral canal - ansformed by vertebral column and contains spinal cord and the beginnings
of spinal nerves
ventral cavity - ansthe diaphragm subdivides the ventral cavity into an upper thoracic cavity
and a lower abdominal cavity
thoracic cavity - anscontains two pleural cavities and the mediastinum which includes the
pericardial cavity
, BIOL 1593 Final Review: Key Concepts to Know.
A Comprehensive Study Guide with 100% Verification by
Expert.
Latest Updated 2025/2026
mediastinum - ansa broad, median partition between the lungs that extends from the sternum
to the vertebral column, contained everything in the thoracic cavity except the lungs
abdominopelvic cavity - anscontains a superior abdominal cavity and an inferior pelvic cavity
most abundant elements in the body - ansoxygen, carbon, hydrogen, nitrogen
isotope - ansAn atom with the same number of protons and a different number of neutrons
from other atoms of the same element.
free radical - ansan atom or a group of atoms that has one unpaired electron
antioxidants - anssubstances that inactive oxygen-derived free-radicals
ionic bond - ansA chemical bond resulting from the attraction between oppositely charged
ions.
covalent bond - ansA chemical bond that involves sharing a pair of electrons between atoms
in a molecule, strongest bonds and can be polar or nonpolar
hydrogen bond - anstwo other atoms associate with a hydrogen atom, they are weak bonds
and cannot bind atoms into a molecule, provide strength and stability between molecules
chemical reaction - ansoccurs whenever chemical bonds are formed, rearranged, or broken
potential energy - ansstored energy that results from the position or shape of an object
chemical energy - ansA form of potential energy that is stored in chemical bonds between
atoms.
kinetic energy - ansthe energy an object has due to its motion
synthesis reaction - ansa reaction in which two or more substances combine to form a new
compound
decomposition reaction - ansa reaction in which a single compound breaks down to form two
or more simpler substances
oxidation reaction - ansa chemical reaction in which a reactant loses one or more electrons
such that the reactant becomes more positive in charge, results in decreased potential energy
reduction reaction - ansa chemical change in which electrons are gained, results in increased
potential energy
inorganic compounds - ansA compound that does not contain the element carbon or contains
carbon bound to elements other than hydrogen.
hydrolysis reaction - ansA chemical reaction that breaks apart a larger molecule by adding a
molecule of water
dehydration synthesis - ansA chemical reaction in which two molecules covalently bond to
each other with the removal of a water molecule.
ionization of acids - ansionize into one or more hydrogen ions and one or more anions
dissociation of bases - ansdissociate into one or more hydroxide ion and one or more cations
buffer system - ansset of chemicals that can keep the pH of a solution stable by alternately
donating and accepting ions that contribute to pH, consists of a weak acid and a weak base
pHs to know (3) - ansurine = 6.3-6.6
saliva = 6.3-6.6
blood = 7.4
The principal polysaccharide in the human body is - ansglycogen, which is stored in the liver
or skeletal muscles.
triglycerids - ansmost plentiful lipids in the body and provide protection, insulation, and
energy
steroids - ansA type of lipid characterized by a carbon skeleton consisting of four rings with
various functional groups attached.
