NRES 348 Final, NRES 348 Midterm Questions
with Complete Solutions
Harvest, Habitat, Hydropower, Hatchery effects
The "Fish Squeeze"
Chesapeake Bay, the Everglades
Example Systems where an ecosystem approach has been implemented
an area or ridge of land that separates waters flowing to different rivers, basins, or seas
watershed
a system that includes the fish, habitat, and human users
fishery
acts on a population by direct or indirect means; appropriate when a population has to be
harvested
Manipulative Management
Preventative or protective; appropriate in a national park setting or for conservation of a
threatened species
Custodial Management
designed to integrate ecology, socioeconomic perspectives, and institutional perspectives
ecosystem management
Era of Abundance (1600-1849)
,most fish and wildlife species found in high numbers, resource viewed as limitless
everything viewed as a commons
Era of Overexploitation (1850-1899)
Wildlife populations declined
Hunted or trapped to the brink of extinction
Some reactive responses:
first game wardens, hunting license, bag limit, first national park (Yellowstone)
Era of Protection (1900-1925)
Laws protecting wildlife were established
regulated market hunting, controlled importation of exotics and interstate transport of
illegal game
Lacey Act
provided for protection of waterfowl
Weeks-McClean Act
protection of migratory birds either complete or through regulation
Migratory Bird Treaty Act
coined the term "conservation
started the first forestry school
recognized that resources must be managed
Gifford Pinchot
,leader of preservationist movement
established the Sierra Club
advocate of wilderness and aesthetic values of the land
John Muir
Era of Game Management (1930-1965)
first research and management programs developed in North America
Era of Environmental Management (1965-Present)
significant growth in environmental regulation
Endangered Species Act
EPA established in 1970
concern over global change has generated increased recognition of environmental issues
importance of interspecific interactions
Community Ecology
recognition of importance of intraspecific competition
Darwin
consumption of a shared resource
Indirect Competition
When organisms prevent access to or harm other organisms while seeking a resource
Direct competition
, estimate how many animals can be harvested, use populations as indicators of
environmental health, understand how populations are affected by environmental changes
Why is the understanding of populations important to the study and management of wildlife and
fisheries?
semelparity
the occurrence of a single act of reproduction during an organism's lifetime
iteroparity
repeated production of offspring at intervals throughout the organism's lifetime
Food availability, spread of disease, rates of predation
Density Dependent factors
Weather, climate, catastrophes
Density Independent factors
Inversity
negative relationship between population density and natality or recruitment
when one source of mortality replaces another and the total rate of mortality does not
change
compensatory mortality
removal of one individual through harvesting results in the survival of another individual
that would have died because of density-dependent factors; "doomed surplus"
with Complete Solutions
Harvest, Habitat, Hydropower, Hatchery effects
The "Fish Squeeze"
Chesapeake Bay, the Everglades
Example Systems where an ecosystem approach has been implemented
an area or ridge of land that separates waters flowing to different rivers, basins, or seas
watershed
a system that includes the fish, habitat, and human users
fishery
acts on a population by direct or indirect means; appropriate when a population has to be
harvested
Manipulative Management
Preventative or protective; appropriate in a national park setting or for conservation of a
threatened species
Custodial Management
designed to integrate ecology, socioeconomic perspectives, and institutional perspectives
ecosystem management
Era of Abundance (1600-1849)
,most fish and wildlife species found in high numbers, resource viewed as limitless
everything viewed as a commons
Era of Overexploitation (1850-1899)
Wildlife populations declined
Hunted or trapped to the brink of extinction
Some reactive responses:
first game wardens, hunting license, bag limit, first national park (Yellowstone)
Era of Protection (1900-1925)
Laws protecting wildlife were established
regulated market hunting, controlled importation of exotics and interstate transport of
illegal game
Lacey Act
provided for protection of waterfowl
Weeks-McClean Act
protection of migratory birds either complete or through regulation
Migratory Bird Treaty Act
coined the term "conservation
started the first forestry school
recognized that resources must be managed
Gifford Pinchot
,leader of preservationist movement
established the Sierra Club
advocate of wilderness and aesthetic values of the land
John Muir
Era of Game Management (1930-1965)
first research and management programs developed in North America
Era of Environmental Management (1965-Present)
significant growth in environmental regulation
Endangered Species Act
EPA established in 1970
concern over global change has generated increased recognition of environmental issues
importance of interspecific interactions
Community Ecology
recognition of importance of intraspecific competition
Darwin
consumption of a shared resource
Indirect Competition
When organisms prevent access to or harm other organisms while seeking a resource
Direct competition
, estimate how many animals can be harvested, use populations as indicators of
environmental health, understand how populations are affected by environmental changes
Why is the understanding of populations important to the study and management of wildlife and
fisheries?
semelparity
the occurrence of a single act of reproduction during an organism's lifetime
iteroparity
repeated production of offspring at intervals throughout the organism's lifetime
Food availability, spread of disease, rates of predation
Density Dependent factors
Weather, climate, catastrophes
Density Independent factors
Inversity
negative relationship between population density and natality or recruitment
when one source of mortality replaces another and the total rate of mortality does not
change
compensatory mortality
removal of one individual through harvesting results in the survival of another individual
that would have died because of density-dependent factors; "doomed surplus"
