ACSM CPT Review
Study online at https://quizlet.com/_hscnbs
1. Heart Contraction: Phases: - Right atrium ’right ventricle through tricuspid valve (three flaps)
- Right ventricle ’pulmonary valve ’pulmonary artery
- Pulmonary artery ’right and left pulmonary artery ’right and left lung
- Lungs ’pulmonary veins ’left atrium
- Left atrium ’left ventricle through mitral (bicuspid) valve
2. third class lever: - effort force is between resistance and axis
- most commonly found in musculoskeletal system
3. second class lever: - resistance is between effort force and axis
4. first class lever: - axis is between effort force and resistance
5. Frank-Sterling Law: - SV increases with higher EDV due to stretching of the cardiac fibers
-more filled with blood = more stretched= more elasticity to use to push blood out
6. arteriosclerosis: hardening of the arteries (loss of elasticity)
7. Atherosclerosis: - Fatty Plaque buildup in the artery walls
- partial regression of fatty, soft lesions is possible with aggressive multifactorial risk reduciton
8. thrombosis: - blood clot that forms in a blood vessel or heart chamber and remains there
9. acute coronary syndrome: A group of symptoms caused by myocardial ischemia; includes angina,
myocardial infarction, and sudden cardiac death
10. myochardial ischemia: - insufficient blood flow to the heart muscle that occurs when myocardial oxygen
demand exceeds the oxygen supply
- occurs when a coronary artery is partially or completed obstructed because of atherosclerosis, coronary thrombosis,
or coronary artery spasm
11. Angina pectoris: - transient pain or discomfort in the chest area caused by myocardial ischemia
- typical angina initiated by factors such as exercise/stress, excitement, cold/hot, food intake
- vasospastic (variant) angina usually occurs at rest without precipitating event
12. Cholesterol and Exercise: exercise can influence TG and HDL but LDL and TC are influenced primarily
by dietary habits and body weight
13. Pathophysiology of CAD: - atherosclerotic lesions are formed in the intima
- injury to the artery wall begins in the endothelial layer with subsequent platelet and clot formation
- monocytes adhere to the endothelium, move to the intima, and take up cholesterol
- adventitia, outer layer of artery wall is not involved in development of atherosclerosis
14. Acute MI complications: 1. extension of the zone of ischemia to surrounding tissue, thus widening the
necrosis
, ACSM CPT Review
Study online at https://quizlet.com/_hscnbs
2. ventricular aneurysm
3. ventricular rapture
4. papillary necrosis and rupture
5. left ventircular dysfunction
15. Ventricular Aneurysm: - necrotic muscle fibers of the heart degenerate and remodel the ventricular wall,
and may cause a thinning of the myocardial wall
- during systole, the non functioning muslce fibers bulge outwards (aneurysm) instead of contracting
- aneurysm increases risk of thrombus, ventricular arrhythmias, and heart failure
16. Ventricular Rupture: - mechanism similar to aneurysm but the wall ruptures
- rupture of the ventricular free wall of often fatal
- rupture of the ventricular septal wall is less fatal and may be associated with chronic congestive heart failure
17. MI Ischemia: - common sign is ST segment alteration
- ST segment represents the interval between ventricular depolarization and repolarization
- ST segment depression suggests subendocardial ischemia
- ST segment elevation indicates transmural ischemia or acute MI
18. Metabolic Syndrome: - a cluster of lipid and nonlipid risk factors of metabolic origin
- excess body fat (abdominal), raised BP, insulin resistance, and dyslipidemia
- enhances risk of heart disease exponentially
19. CAD Risk Factors: - men at least 45, women at least 55
- heart attack, bypass surgery, or sudden death in males <55, females <65
- current cig smoker or quit within last six months
- < mod PA 3 days/week for 3 months
- BMI at least 30, waist girth in men >102 cm, women >88 cm
- BP 140/90 or higher, or taking medication
- LDL at least 130, or HDL < 40, medication, or TC > 200
- IFG at least 100, or OFGG 140-199
20. External or Internal Stimuli (Cues): - behavioral cue - keeping gym clothes packed
- behaviors can be cued from engineered environment (escalators and elevators discourage stair use)
- internal cues can make someone feel "too tired" to exercise
- modifying cues and environment are better at getting someone to adopt a behavior than maintain it
21. Health Belief Model: Assumes people will partake in a given behavior when:
- they perceive threat of disease
, ACSM CPT Review
Study online at https://quizlet.com/_hscnbs
- they believe they are susceptible to disease
- the believe the threat is serious
- benefits must outweigh barriers
- self efficacy is a major component
- cues to action critical for adopting/maintaining behavior
22. TTM Model of Health Behavior Change: - acknowledges choices and behavior related to
personal balance and health by considering the perceived costs and benefits
- uses cognitive (early stages) and behavioral processes (later stages)
23. 5 Stages of TTM: PRECONTEMPLATION
- no intention to start within 6 months
CONTEMPLATION
- intention to start within 6 months
PREPARATION
- slight participation but not at recommended guidelines
ACTION
- in activity that meets CDC/ACSM recs and guidelines
MAINTENANCE
- has met guidelines for at least 6 months
24. TTM 5 Cognitive Processes: 1. conscious raising (increasing knowledge)
2. dramatic relief (warning of risks)
3. environmental reevaluation (caring about consequences)
4. self-reevaluation (comprehending benefits)
5. social liberation (increasing healthy opportunities)
25. TTM 5 Behavioral Processes: 1. Counter-conditioning (subbing alts)
2. Helping relationships (enlisting social support)
3. reinforcement management (rewarding self)
4. self-liberation (committing yourself)
5. stimulus control (reminding yourself)
26. Theory of Reasoned Action: - intention is most important determinant of behavior
- attitudes are determined by pos and neg beliefs about the outcomes or process of a behavior
- subjective norms are influenced by perceptions about what others think or believe
Study online at https://quizlet.com/_hscnbs
1. Heart Contraction: Phases: - Right atrium ’right ventricle through tricuspid valve (three flaps)
- Right ventricle ’pulmonary valve ’pulmonary artery
- Pulmonary artery ’right and left pulmonary artery ’right and left lung
- Lungs ’pulmonary veins ’left atrium
- Left atrium ’left ventricle through mitral (bicuspid) valve
2. third class lever: - effort force is between resistance and axis
- most commonly found in musculoskeletal system
3. second class lever: - resistance is between effort force and axis
4. first class lever: - axis is between effort force and resistance
5. Frank-Sterling Law: - SV increases with higher EDV due to stretching of the cardiac fibers
-more filled with blood = more stretched= more elasticity to use to push blood out
6. arteriosclerosis: hardening of the arteries (loss of elasticity)
7. Atherosclerosis: - Fatty Plaque buildup in the artery walls
- partial regression of fatty, soft lesions is possible with aggressive multifactorial risk reduciton
8. thrombosis: - blood clot that forms in a blood vessel or heart chamber and remains there
9. acute coronary syndrome: A group of symptoms caused by myocardial ischemia; includes angina,
myocardial infarction, and sudden cardiac death
10. myochardial ischemia: - insufficient blood flow to the heart muscle that occurs when myocardial oxygen
demand exceeds the oxygen supply
- occurs when a coronary artery is partially or completed obstructed because of atherosclerosis, coronary thrombosis,
or coronary artery spasm
11. Angina pectoris: - transient pain or discomfort in the chest area caused by myocardial ischemia
- typical angina initiated by factors such as exercise/stress, excitement, cold/hot, food intake
- vasospastic (variant) angina usually occurs at rest without precipitating event
12. Cholesterol and Exercise: exercise can influence TG and HDL but LDL and TC are influenced primarily
by dietary habits and body weight
13. Pathophysiology of CAD: - atherosclerotic lesions are formed in the intima
- injury to the artery wall begins in the endothelial layer with subsequent platelet and clot formation
- monocytes adhere to the endothelium, move to the intima, and take up cholesterol
- adventitia, outer layer of artery wall is not involved in development of atherosclerosis
14. Acute MI complications: 1. extension of the zone of ischemia to surrounding tissue, thus widening the
necrosis
, ACSM CPT Review
Study online at https://quizlet.com/_hscnbs
2. ventricular aneurysm
3. ventricular rapture
4. papillary necrosis and rupture
5. left ventircular dysfunction
15. Ventricular Aneurysm: - necrotic muscle fibers of the heart degenerate and remodel the ventricular wall,
and may cause a thinning of the myocardial wall
- during systole, the non functioning muslce fibers bulge outwards (aneurysm) instead of contracting
- aneurysm increases risk of thrombus, ventricular arrhythmias, and heart failure
16. Ventricular Rupture: - mechanism similar to aneurysm but the wall ruptures
- rupture of the ventricular free wall of often fatal
- rupture of the ventricular septal wall is less fatal and may be associated with chronic congestive heart failure
17. MI Ischemia: - common sign is ST segment alteration
- ST segment represents the interval between ventricular depolarization and repolarization
- ST segment depression suggests subendocardial ischemia
- ST segment elevation indicates transmural ischemia or acute MI
18. Metabolic Syndrome: - a cluster of lipid and nonlipid risk factors of metabolic origin
- excess body fat (abdominal), raised BP, insulin resistance, and dyslipidemia
- enhances risk of heart disease exponentially
19. CAD Risk Factors: - men at least 45, women at least 55
- heart attack, bypass surgery, or sudden death in males <55, females <65
- current cig smoker or quit within last six months
- < mod PA 3 days/week for 3 months
- BMI at least 30, waist girth in men >102 cm, women >88 cm
- BP 140/90 or higher, or taking medication
- LDL at least 130, or HDL < 40, medication, or TC > 200
- IFG at least 100, or OFGG 140-199
20. External or Internal Stimuli (Cues): - behavioral cue - keeping gym clothes packed
- behaviors can be cued from engineered environment (escalators and elevators discourage stair use)
- internal cues can make someone feel "too tired" to exercise
- modifying cues and environment are better at getting someone to adopt a behavior than maintain it
21. Health Belief Model: Assumes people will partake in a given behavior when:
- they perceive threat of disease
, ACSM CPT Review
Study online at https://quizlet.com/_hscnbs
- they believe they are susceptible to disease
- the believe the threat is serious
- benefits must outweigh barriers
- self efficacy is a major component
- cues to action critical for adopting/maintaining behavior
22. TTM Model of Health Behavior Change: - acknowledges choices and behavior related to
personal balance and health by considering the perceived costs and benefits
- uses cognitive (early stages) and behavioral processes (later stages)
23. 5 Stages of TTM: PRECONTEMPLATION
- no intention to start within 6 months
CONTEMPLATION
- intention to start within 6 months
PREPARATION
- slight participation but not at recommended guidelines
ACTION
- in activity that meets CDC/ACSM recs and guidelines
MAINTENANCE
- has met guidelines for at least 6 months
24. TTM 5 Cognitive Processes: 1. conscious raising (increasing knowledge)
2. dramatic relief (warning of risks)
3. environmental reevaluation (caring about consequences)
4. self-reevaluation (comprehending benefits)
5. social liberation (increasing healthy opportunities)
25. TTM 5 Behavioral Processes: 1. Counter-conditioning (subbing alts)
2. Helping relationships (enlisting social support)
3. reinforcement management (rewarding self)
4. self-liberation (committing yourself)
5. stimulus control (reminding yourself)
26. Theory of Reasoned Action: - intention is most important determinant of behavior
- attitudes are determined by pos and neg beliefs about the outcomes or process of a behavior
- subjective norms are influenced by perceptions about what others think or believe
