BNKN602 TEST PAPER 2025/2026 QUESTIONS AND
SOLUTIONS GRADED A+ TIP
✔✔Patho of Influenza - ✔✔1. Virus enters the respiratory tract and attaches to epithelial
cells.
2. Virus enters the hosy cell and uses host DNA to replicate disease.
3. New viral spores are released from the host cell.
4. Damage to the epithelial cell wall causes oedema and possible cell death.
5. Necrotic cells undergo phagocytosis, recruiting neutrophils.
6. Resulting in alveolar wall oedema and causing ineffective gas exchange.
✔✔Aetiology of Influenza - ✔✔Caught by airborne droplets from the coughs of sneezes
of those who are infectious.
✔✔Signs and Symptoms of Influenza - ✔✔Fever/chills, muscle aches, cough,
congestion, running nose, headaches and fatigue.
✔✔Education for Influenza - ✔✔Flu vaccine, hand hygiene, avoid contact with those
who are infectious, rest and stay home, maintain fluid levels.
✔✔Patho of Pneumonia - ✔✔1. Infectious microorganisms each alveoli.
2. Inflammatory response occurs.
3. Alveoli full with exudate and stick together.
4. Resulting in impaired gas exchange.
✔✔Aetiology of Pneumonia - ✔✔Caused by bacteria, fungi or parasites in the lungs.
Increased risk for those who are immunocompromised or have underlying lung disease.
✔✔Signs and Symptoms of Pneumonia - ✔✔Productive cough (green/yellow mucus),
fever/chills, sweating, rapid and shallow breathing, SOB, sharp of stabbing chest pain,
loss of appetite, fatigue.
✔✔Patho of Paralytic Ileus - ✔✔1. SNS activated intra operatively and bowel mobility
inhibited.
2. Increase in cytokines and inflammatory mediators decrease bowel motility.
3. Peristalsis slows and eventually stops.
4. Resulting in decrease movement of facel matter though the bowel.
✔✔Aetiology of Paralytic Ileus - ✔✔Bacteria or viruses causing intestinal infections,
chemical, electrolyte or mineral imbalances, abdominal surgery, decreased blood
supply to intestine, infections inside the abdomen.
✔✔Signs and Symptoms of Paralytic Ileus - ✔✔Abdominal bloating, absence of bowel
sounds, excessive gas, constipation, nausea and vomiting, dehydration.
, ✔✔Patho of Atelectasis - ✔✔1. Reduced ventilation or blockage.
2. Obstruction of air to and from alveoli.
3. Trapped air absorbed into the bloodstream causing a blockage stopping air entering
alveoli.
4. Area of ling becomes airless and collapses.
5. Resulting in respiratory distress.
✔✔Aetiology of Atelectasis - ✔✔Anesthesia, use of breathing tube, fogein object in
airway, lung diseases, mucus plugs in airway, prolonged bed rest.
✔✔Signs and Symptoms of Atelectasis - ✔✔Decreased oxygen levels, shortness of
breath, increased respiratory rates and heart rate.
✔✔Patho of Compartment Syndrome - ✔✔1. Fluid enters a fixed volume compartment
from bleeding.
2. Increase in tissue and venous pressure.
3. This pressure exceeds capillary perfusion pressure causing capillaries to collapse.
4. Muscle and nerve ischemia occurs.
5. External compression is applied and a size of compartment is decreased.
6. Increase in intracompartmental pressure and decrease in arteriolar pressure.
7. Resulting in muscle nd nerve ischemia.
✔✔Aetiology of Compartment Syndrome - ✔✔Trauma e.g. crush injury or surgery,
broken bones, damaged/bruised muscle.
✔✔Signs and Symptoms of Compartment Syndrome - ✔✔Aching, burning or cramping
pain of affected limb, tightness, numbness/tingling or weakness of affected limb.
✔✔Patho of Deep Vein Thrombosis (DVT) - ✔✔1. Decreased or mechanically altered
blood flow.
2. Trauma to blood vessels stimulates the clotting cascade.
3. Platelets aggregate at the site, especially where venous status is present.
4. Platelets and fibrin form the intitial clot.
5. Decreased blood flow leads to decreased oxygenation and increase in haematocrit.
6. RBC become trapped in the fibrin meshwork resulting in clots forming.
✔✔Aetiology of DVT - ✔✔Being sedentary as a result of bedrest or traveling, genetic
history of blood clots, obesity.
✔✔Signs and Symptoms of DVT - ✔✔Pain, swelling or tenderness in affected leg,
heavy aching, warm skin/redness in particular area of clot.
✔✔Patho of Hypovolemic Shock - ✔✔1. Decreased venous return and preload.
2. Resulting in decreased cardiac output and hypotension.
3. Perfusion failure and tissue hypoxia.
SOLUTIONS GRADED A+ TIP
✔✔Patho of Influenza - ✔✔1. Virus enters the respiratory tract and attaches to epithelial
cells.
2. Virus enters the hosy cell and uses host DNA to replicate disease.
3. New viral spores are released from the host cell.
4. Damage to the epithelial cell wall causes oedema and possible cell death.
5. Necrotic cells undergo phagocytosis, recruiting neutrophils.
6. Resulting in alveolar wall oedema and causing ineffective gas exchange.
✔✔Aetiology of Influenza - ✔✔Caught by airborne droplets from the coughs of sneezes
of those who are infectious.
✔✔Signs and Symptoms of Influenza - ✔✔Fever/chills, muscle aches, cough,
congestion, running nose, headaches and fatigue.
✔✔Education for Influenza - ✔✔Flu vaccine, hand hygiene, avoid contact with those
who are infectious, rest and stay home, maintain fluid levels.
✔✔Patho of Pneumonia - ✔✔1. Infectious microorganisms each alveoli.
2. Inflammatory response occurs.
3. Alveoli full with exudate and stick together.
4. Resulting in impaired gas exchange.
✔✔Aetiology of Pneumonia - ✔✔Caused by bacteria, fungi or parasites in the lungs.
Increased risk for those who are immunocompromised or have underlying lung disease.
✔✔Signs and Symptoms of Pneumonia - ✔✔Productive cough (green/yellow mucus),
fever/chills, sweating, rapid and shallow breathing, SOB, sharp of stabbing chest pain,
loss of appetite, fatigue.
✔✔Patho of Paralytic Ileus - ✔✔1. SNS activated intra operatively and bowel mobility
inhibited.
2. Increase in cytokines and inflammatory mediators decrease bowel motility.
3. Peristalsis slows and eventually stops.
4. Resulting in decrease movement of facel matter though the bowel.
✔✔Aetiology of Paralytic Ileus - ✔✔Bacteria or viruses causing intestinal infections,
chemical, electrolyte or mineral imbalances, abdominal surgery, decreased blood
supply to intestine, infections inside the abdomen.
✔✔Signs and Symptoms of Paralytic Ileus - ✔✔Abdominal bloating, absence of bowel
sounds, excessive gas, constipation, nausea and vomiting, dehydration.
, ✔✔Patho of Atelectasis - ✔✔1. Reduced ventilation or blockage.
2. Obstruction of air to and from alveoli.
3. Trapped air absorbed into the bloodstream causing a blockage stopping air entering
alveoli.
4. Area of ling becomes airless and collapses.
5. Resulting in respiratory distress.
✔✔Aetiology of Atelectasis - ✔✔Anesthesia, use of breathing tube, fogein object in
airway, lung diseases, mucus plugs in airway, prolonged bed rest.
✔✔Signs and Symptoms of Atelectasis - ✔✔Decreased oxygen levels, shortness of
breath, increased respiratory rates and heart rate.
✔✔Patho of Compartment Syndrome - ✔✔1. Fluid enters a fixed volume compartment
from bleeding.
2. Increase in tissue and venous pressure.
3. This pressure exceeds capillary perfusion pressure causing capillaries to collapse.
4. Muscle and nerve ischemia occurs.
5. External compression is applied and a size of compartment is decreased.
6. Increase in intracompartmental pressure and decrease in arteriolar pressure.
7. Resulting in muscle nd nerve ischemia.
✔✔Aetiology of Compartment Syndrome - ✔✔Trauma e.g. crush injury or surgery,
broken bones, damaged/bruised muscle.
✔✔Signs and Symptoms of Compartment Syndrome - ✔✔Aching, burning or cramping
pain of affected limb, tightness, numbness/tingling or weakness of affected limb.
✔✔Patho of Deep Vein Thrombosis (DVT) - ✔✔1. Decreased or mechanically altered
blood flow.
2. Trauma to blood vessels stimulates the clotting cascade.
3. Platelets aggregate at the site, especially where venous status is present.
4. Platelets and fibrin form the intitial clot.
5. Decreased blood flow leads to decreased oxygenation and increase in haematocrit.
6. RBC become trapped in the fibrin meshwork resulting in clots forming.
✔✔Aetiology of DVT - ✔✔Being sedentary as a result of bedrest or traveling, genetic
history of blood clots, obesity.
✔✔Signs and Symptoms of DVT - ✔✔Pain, swelling or tenderness in affected leg,
heavy aching, warm skin/redness in particular area of clot.
✔✔Patho of Hypovolemic Shock - ✔✔1. Decreased venous return and preload.
2. Resulting in decreased cardiac output and hypotension.
3. Perfusion failure and tissue hypoxia.
