NSC exam 4
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1. • What does BMI measure?: the relationship between a person's height and weight
2. BMI (body mass index): a measure of body weight relative to height
3. What does BMI measure?: body fat
4. BMI measurements: Unhealthy underweight for adults is defined as a BMI of less than 18.5, overweight
as a BMI of 25.0 through 29.9, and obesity as a BMI of 30 or more.
5. Is BMI the"gold standard" to use (and if not what is the gold standard mea-
surement)?: No, it isn't the gold standard. DEXA is
6. BMI values have two major drawbacks: they fail to indicate how much of a
person's weight is fat and where that fat is located.:
7. These drawbacks limit the value of the BMI for use with:: *Athletes (because their highly
developed musculature falsely increases their BMI values).
*Pregnant and lactating women (because their increased weight is normal during child bearing).
*Adults older than age 65 (because BMI values are based on data collected from younger people and because people
"grow shorter" with age).
*Women older than age 50 with too little muscle tissue (they may be overly fat for health yet still fall into the normal
BMI range).Footnote
8. To determine your BMI in pounds and inches:: BMI=weight (lb.) x 703 divided by (height in
inches x2).
BMI =
___lbs. X 703 divided by (____ in. x 2)
9. To determine your BMI in kilograms:: BMI= weight (kg) divided by (height in meters x 2)
10. A person whose BMI reflects an unacceptable health risk can choose a
desired BMI and then calculate an appropriate body weight.:
11. measuring body composition and fat distribution: A person who stands about 5 feet 10
inches tall and weighs 150 pounds carries about 30 of those pounds as fat. The rest is mostly water and lean tissues:
muscles; organs such as the heart, brain, and liver; and the bones of the skeleton (see Figure 9-5). This lean tissue is
vital to health. The person who seeks to lose weight wants to lose fat, not this precious lean tissue. And for someone
who wants to gain weight, it is desirable to gain lean and fat in proportion, not just fat.
12. Body fat percentages for people age 20 to 40 years old in the Healthy Weight
BMI range:: Male: 18-21%
Female: 23-26%
, NSC exam 4
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13. Average U.S. body fat percentages for people age 20 to 40 years old:: Male: 26%
Female: 38%
14. Assessing health:: Health professionals often use both BMI and waist circumference to assess a person's
health risks and monitor changes over time.
15. Three Methods Used to Assess Body Fat:: skin fold measures, waist circumference, DEXA
16. skinfold test: measurement of the thickness of a fold of skin and subcutaneous fat on the back of the arm
(over the triceps muscle), below the shoulder blade (subscapular), or in other places, using a caliper; also called fatfold
test.
17. DEXA (dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry
(absorp-tee-OM-eh-tree): a noninvasive method of determining total body fat, fat distribution, and bone
density by passing two low-dose X-ray beams through the body. Also used in evaluation of osteoporosis. Abbreviated
DEXA.
18. to measure waist circumference:: place a measuring tape around the waist just above the bony
ridge of the hip
19. KEY POINTS:: *Central adiposity can be assessed by measuring waist circumference.
*The percentage of fat in a person's body can be estimated by using skinfold measurements, radiographic techniques
(DEXA), or other methods.
*Body fat distribution can be revealed by radiographic techniques.
20. how much body fat is ideal:: No single body composition or weight suits everyone; needs vary by
gender, lifestyle, and stage of life
21. adipose tissue (fat): the body's fat tissue,
consisting of masses of fat-storing cells and blood vessels to nourish them.
22. obesity: excess body weight associated with increased risk of mortality and chronic diseases; a body mass index
of 30 or higher.
23. (Today, an estimated 69 percent of the adults in the United States are over-
weight or obese)with over 35 percent falling into the obese range:
24. The problem of underweight, while affecting fewer than 2 percent of adults
in the United States, also poses health threats to those who drop below a
healthy minimum.: Footnote: People at either extreme of body weight face increased risks.
25. What Are the Risks from Underweight?: Deficient body fatness threatens survival during a
famine or when a person must fight a disease.
, NSC exam 4
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26. wasting: the progressive, relentless loss of the body's tissues that accompanies certain diseases and shortens
survival time.
27. What are the risks of having too much body fat?: chronic diseases, inflammation, obesity
28. Chronic diseases from having too much fat:: Arthritis.
Breathing problems (sleep apnea).
Cancers of the breast, colon, endometrium, and other cancers.
Diabetes.
Heart disease.
Hypertension (high blood pressure).
Gallbladder disease and gall stones.
Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease.
Stroke.
29. obesity and inflammation: Why should fat in the body bring extra risk to the heart? Part of the answer
may involve adipokines, hormones released by adipose tissue.
30. Over 70 percent of obese people suffer from at least one other major health
problem.: For example, obesity triples a person's risk of developing diabetes, and even modest weight gain raises
the risk. The mechanism linking obesity with diabetes is not fully known, but scientists suspect that a person's genetic
inheritance may alter the likelihood that obesity will lead to the development of diabetes.
31. Adipokine: protein hormones made and released by adipose tissue (fat) cells
32. Adipokines help to regulate inflammatory processes and energy metabolism
in the tissues. In fact, adipose tissue acts as an endocrine organ, orchestrating
important interactions with vital tissues such as the brain, liver, muscle, heart,
and blood vessels in ways that influence overall health.: In obesity, a shift occurs in
the balance of adipokines, among other factors, that favors both tissue inflammation and insulin resistance. The
resulting chronic inflammation and insulin resistance often lead to diabetes, heart disease, and other chronic diseases.
Calorie-restricted diets and weight loss often reduce inflammation and improve health.
33. Obese adults also may face these threats:: abdominal hernias, complications in pregnancy
and surgery, flat feet, gallbladder disease, gout, high blood lipids, kidney stones, increased risk of medication dosing
errors, reproductive disorders, skin problems, sleep disturbances, sleep apnea (dangerous abnormal breathing during
sleep), varicose veins, and even a high accident rate. Some of these maladies start to improve with the loss of just 5
percent of body weight, and risks improve markedly after a 10 percent loss. So great are the harms from obesity that
obesity itself is classified as a chronic disease.
Study online at https://quizlet.com/_i2lgjk
1. • What does BMI measure?: the relationship between a person's height and weight
2. BMI (body mass index): a measure of body weight relative to height
3. What does BMI measure?: body fat
4. BMI measurements: Unhealthy underweight for adults is defined as a BMI of less than 18.5, overweight
as a BMI of 25.0 through 29.9, and obesity as a BMI of 30 or more.
5. Is BMI the"gold standard" to use (and if not what is the gold standard mea-
surement)?: No, it isn't the gold standard. DEXA is
6. BMI values have two major drawbacks: they fail to indicate how much of a
person's weight is fat and where that fat is located.:
7. These drawbacks limit the value of the BMI for use with:: *Athletes (because their highly
developed musculature falsely increases their BMI values).
*Pregnant and lactating women (because their increased weight is normal during child bearing).
*Adults older than age 65 (because BMI values are based on data collected from younger people and because people
"grow shorter" with age).
*Women older than age 50 with too little muscle tissue (they may be overly fat for health yet still fall into the normal
BMI range).Footnote
8. To determine your BMI in pounds and inches:: BMI=weight (lb.) x 703 divided by (height in
inches x2).
BMI =
___lbs. X 703 divided by (____ in. x 2)
9. To determine your BMI in kilograms:: BMI= weight (kg) divided by (height in meters x 2)
10. A person whose BMI reflects an unacceptable health risk can choose a
desired BMI and then calculate an appropriate body weight.:
11. measuring body composition and fat distribution: A person who stands about 5 feet 10
inches tall and weighs 150 pounds carries about 30 of those pounds as fat. The rest is mostly water and lean tissues:
muscles; organs such as the heart, brain, and liver; and the bones of the skeleton (see Figure 9-5). This lean tissue is
vital to health. The person who seeks to lose weight wants to lose fat, not this precious lean tissue. And for someone
who wants to gain weight, it is desirable to gain lean and fat in proportion, not just fat.
12. Body fat percentages for people age 20 to 40 years old in the Healthy Weight
BMI range:: Male: 18-21%
Female: 23-26%
, NSC exam 4
Study online at https://quizlet.com/_i2lgjk
13. Average U.S. body fat percentages for people age 20 to 40 years old:: Male: 26%
Female: 38%
14. Assessing health:: Health professionals often use both BMI and waist circumference to assess a person's
health risks and monitor changes over time.
15. Three Methods Used to Assess Body Fat:: skin fold measures, waist circumference, DEXA
16. skinfold test: measurement of the thickness of a fold of skin and subcutaneous fat on the back of the arm
(over the triceps muscle), below the shoulder blade (subscapular), or in other places, using a caliper; also called fatfold
test.
17. DEXA (dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry
(absorp-tee-OM-eh-tree): a noninvasive method of determining total body fat, fat distribution, and bone
density by passing two low-dose X-ray beams through the body. Also used in evaluation of osteoporosis. Abbreviated
DEXA.
18. to measure waist circumference:: place a measuring tape around the waist just above the bony
ridge of the hip
19. KEY POINTS:: *Central adiposity can be assessed by measuring waist circumference.
*The percentage of fat in a person's body can be estimated by using skinfold measurements, radiographic techniques
(DEXA), or other methods.
*Body fat distribution can be revealed by radiographic techniques.
20. how much body fat is ideal:: No single body composition or weight suits everyone; needs vary by
gender, lifestyle, and stage of life
21. adipose tissue (fat): the body's fat tissue,
consisting of masses of fat-storing cells and blood vessels to nourish them.
22. obesity: excess body weight associated with increased risk of mortality and chronic diseases; a body mass index
of 30 or higher.
23. (Today, an estimated 69 percent of the adults in the United States are over-
weight or obese)with over 35 percent falling into the obese range:
24. The problem of underweight, while affecting fewer than 2 percent of adults
in the United States, also poses health threats to those who drop below a
healthy minimum.: Footnote: People at either extreme of body weight face increased risks.
25. What Are the Risks from Underweight?: Deficient body fatness threatens survival during a
famine or when a person must fight a disease.
, NSC exam 4
Study online at https://quizlet.com/_i2lgjk
26. wasting: the progressive, relentless loss of the body's tissues that accompanies certain diseases and shortens
survival time.
27. What are the risks of having too much body fat?: chronic diseases, inflammation, obesity
28. Chronic diseases from having too much fat:: Arthritis.
Breathing problems (sleep apnea).
Cancers of the breast, colon, endometrium, and other cancers.
Diabetes.
Heart disease.
Hypertension (high blood pressure).
Gallbladder disease and gall stones.
Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease.
Stroke.
29. obesity and inflammation: Why should fat in the body bring extra risk to the heart? Part of the answer
may involve adipokines, hormones released by adipose tissue.
30. Over 70 percent of obese people suffer from at least one other major health
problem.: For example, obesity triples a person's risk of developing diabetes, and even modest weight gain raises
the risk. The mechanism linking obesity with diabetes is not fully known, but scientists suspect that a person's genetic
inheritance may alter the likelihood that obesity will lead to the development of diabetes.
31. Adipokine: protein hormones made and released by adipose tissue (fat) cells
32. Adipokines help to regulate inflammatory processes and energy metabolism
in the tissues. In fact, adipose tissue acts as an endocrine organ, orchestrating
important interactions with vital tissues such as the brain, liver, muscle, heart,
and blood vessels in ways that influence overall health.: In obesity, a shift occurs in
the balance of adipokines, among other factors, that favors both tissue inflammation and insulin resistance. The
resulting chronic inflammation and insulin resistance often lead to diabetes, heart disease, and other chronic diseases.
Calorie-restricted diets and weight loss often reduce inflammation and improve health.
33. Obese adults also may face these threats:: abdominal hernias, complications in pregnancy
and surgery, flat feet, gallbladder disease, gout, high blood lipids, kidney stones, increased risk of medication dosing
errors, reproductive disorders, skin problems, sleep disturbances, sleep apnea (dangerous abnormal breathing during
sleep), varicose veins, and even a high accident rate. Some of these maladies start to improve with the loss of just 5
percent of body weight, and risks improve markedly after a 10 percent loss. So great are the harms from obesity that
obesity itself is classified as a chronic disease.
