und substitutes
officer class remained aristocratic
,
largely , more problems of supply an d demand
LOCAL GOVERNMENT REFORMS
·
Replacing rights of former serf-owning gentry , a system of elected local Councils established)
D
zemstra
Chosen through electoral
colleges (separate for each class) ) arranged so
· Given powers nobility could dominate
to improve public S e r v i c e s /road/schools/health) industrial projects
1870
,
+ poor relief) extended to towns dumas
Praised the hopes of intelligentsia but limited
as
power/no c o n t ro l over state and local
D Provisional taxes
governers continued to appoint officials (law and order t zems t o
could decisions if
D They attracted doctors
appoint they chose
, lawyers teachers and scientists who used
central government
, meetings to debate political issues and criticise
JUDICIARY REFORMS 1964
Formerly
, no
jury system lawyers
·
no
, and examination of witnesses > guilty until broven innocent t
New system based on the West judges decision was final
·
local , provincial and Courts
national + Presumed innocent until proven guilty
· Heard before bar risters and
jury +
judges appointed
by the t a r with better training and pay
local justices
·
of peace elected every 3 years by zemstva/independent
Courts to
Open the
freely reported
·
public +
proceedings + national trials recorded in
you newspaper,
the Russian Courier
D fair and less corrupt but
,
opportunity for lawyers of the intelligentsid to criticise the
regime
k new
juries sometimes
sympathised with political prisoners I had to be special procedures
I
peasantry in volost courts still treated
differently
·
REACTION
· In 1865 Alexander died and his wife su ffered from
, It's eldest s on an d heir
Tuberculosis) sought
consolation in his mistress> distanced him from reforming
family member
·
After multiple assassination attempts, became
reactionary in 1866
EDUCATION
·
Dmitry Tolstoy wa s an
Orthodox believer a n d felt a tight control education wa s
over
Essential to eradicate Western ideas + criticism of
Church
autocracy
·
regained authority over rural schools (from Zemstvo)
higher gimnazii had to follow traditional cir riculum
↳ only students from a
gimnaziya could
progres to university/modern technical limited
Subjects encouraged
·
that critical thinking were banned (science , literature)
·
Censorship wa s tightened and there was strict control over student activities/Organisations
More to increase Isarist control rather t h an improve education
State
teacher-training colleges up
·
Set
a l l owe d women lec tures b u t could veto appointments
· Tolstoy reluctantly
POLICE , LAW AND CONTROL
· Shuvalor encouraged the t h i rd Sec tion while Pahlen controlled law
searches and ar rests increasedt
governer-generals emergency
·
new established in 1879 with powers to prosecute in
Military cou r ts + exile political offenders
D even radicals who fled the country tracked d ow n
· Pahlen held show trials' for deterrence backfired
X
L jury wa s Sympathetic to 153 of 193 defendants + publicity to revolutionaries
NATIONAL MINORITIES
LORIS-MELIKOV- Zemstra demands (Tsar killed same day 1881
accepting by bomb
·
Development of national identity provoked ethic groups
Polish nationalism had sur faced
· and brought rebellion in 1930 , and in the 1940s a Finnish language pressure group was set up +
local
language newspapers
· In Ukraine , the Secret brotherhood of Saints Cyril and Methodius' provoked national consciousness t h a t sought to Separate Ukrainian Slaus from Russia
·
Alexander wa s more concerned ab ou t control t h an racial superiority
D Sent brother the Polish rebellion 1863 where 200 000 poles had
his Konstantin to deal with , joined an
underground National Government for Poland
and fo r m of
waged a Guerrilla war fare > crushed in 1864
· Did not
engage in
systematic persecution + used concessions
D 1864/75 decrees allowed Latvians and Estonians allowe d to rever t to Lutheranism + allowed the Finns to have t h e i r ow n dier
or per formances 1876
·
Slightly reactionary later with prohibition on the use of the use of Ukrainian language in publications
, Inguage 1883 + 1884 all theatres in the 5 Ukranian
provinces were closed
Military Service extended into areas
previously exempt dispersed
·
+
conscripts from national areas were to prevent national
grouping
1984, Armenia 188
·
Uprisings Mercilessly suppressed in Guriya in Georgia 1842
, Bashkira
In the Baltic 37 , 000 Lutherans converted to Orthodoxy > to use special measures of support
·
region ,
closed d ow n ) influence of Catholic priests curbed + incentives for non Catholics to settle here
· Poland Catholic Monasteries
,
worked to convert heathers and Muslims' s included forced
· In Asia ,
the All-Russian Orthodox Missionary Society
baptisms
· From 1883, places of workships dress
members of non-Orthodox Churches were not allowed to b u i l d new ,
we a r religious
except in
meeting place ,
or spread religious propaganda) conversion Punishable by exile to Siberia
RESULTS
332 of disturbance 61/92
· In June 1888 , department of police estimated cases mass in
Provinces
LD Swiftly curbed ,
51 involved
military employment
and wealthy Fines Poles and Baltic
· caused resentment among more educated ,
Germans
liber ties
L constantly petitioned the Tsars for m o re + secret publication
nationall groups
books
of local language
t o unite the to
Russification believed it wa s necessary country
· Those who supported
reasser t Russian Strength /strong nationalistic feeling)
other to join opposition
Also intensified national feeling among non-Russian) persuading
·
groups
D ANTI- SEMITISM
Most of the 5 million where confined to the Pale of Settlement
·
Jews
1887 -
Number of Jews in
existed among the poorer > resented money lending
· Alexander 11 rule : antisemitism had Jews
/Personal riches
school/uni by ↳ but allowe d wealthier Jews to Settle elsewhere until Polish revolt made him reduce participation of
regulated
Jews in town gov
of further Alexander III's ministers
quo + a )
D this encouraged the growth antisemitism - encouraged by
such as Pobedonoslus Slogan Beat the Yids-save Russia'
1899 -
need a special Alexander III wa s anti-semitic
·
largely
·
Jewish concentration in the Pale made them targets in the 1891 pogroms
blamed Jews for Alexander III's
be elected the Ouhrana
permit to
# May be due to business competition but probable
assassination
to the bar
s l ow to act and the Holy League' organisation , supported by
authorities were
LD Governing
attacks banned in 1882
Pobedonostev helped to coordinate early
1889 -
Non Christians are
,
Jews to
to Kiev and Odessa (also Ukraine) (causing many
· From Yelizavetgrad ,
riots Spread
Forbidden from flee accross border West
buying the to
Europe
L If Cities affected with Jewish property burnt , shops and businesses destroyed trape
Major
in certain provinces
property and murder
laws Forbidden to settle in tow n s under 10 , 0 0 0
May : -
1842-banned from voting outside Jew tow n s are void
- All contracts of renting property
Christian holidays
in local elections Forbidden to do business on Sundays or
-
↳ many Jews left the country some expelled eg Kiev 1896
1893-banned adopting
.
from a ,
-) 1991-92 passover
during the
-
Winter of 10 , 000 Jewish ar tisans
, expelled , 20 , 000
Christian' name
officer class remained aristocratic
,
largely , more problems of supply an d demand
LOCAL GOVERNMENT REFORMS
·
Replacing rights of former serf-owning gentry , a system of elected local Councils established)
D
zemstra
Chosen through electoral
colleges (separate for each class) ) arranged so
· Given powers nobility could dominate
to improve public S e r v i c e s /road/schools/health) industrial projects
1870
,
+ poor relief) extended to towns dumas
Praised the hopes of intelligentsia but limited
as
power/no c o n t ro l over state and local
D Provisional taxes
governers continued to appoint officials (law and order t zems t o
could decisions if
D They attracted doctors
appoint they chose
, lawyers teachers and scientists who used
central government
, meetings to debate political issues and criticise
JUDICIARY REFORMS 1964
Formerly
, no
jury system lawyers
·
no
, and examination of witnesses > guilty until broven innocent t
New system based on the West judges decision was final
·
local , provincial and Courts
national + Presumed innocent until proven guilty
· Heard before bar risters and
jury +
judges appointed
by the t a r with better training and pay
local justices
·
of peace elected every 3 years by zemstva/independent
Courts to
Open the
freely reported
·
public +
proceedings + national trials recorded in
you newspaper,
the Russian Courier
D fair and less corrupt but
,
opportunity for lawyers of the intelligentsid to criticise the
regime
k new
juries sometimes
sympathised with political prisoners I had to be special procedures
I
peasantry in volost courts still treated
differently
·
REACTION
· In 1865 Alexander died and his wife su ffered from
, It's eldest s on an d heir
Tuberculosis) sought
consolation in his mistress> distanced him from reforming
family member
·
After multiple assassination attempts, became
reactionary in 1866
EDUCATION
·
Dmitry Tolstoy wa s an
Orthodox believer a n d felt a tight control education wa s
over
Essential to eradicate Western ideas + criticism of
Church
autocracy
·
regained authority over rural schools (from Zemstvo)
higher gimnazii had to follow traditional cir riculum
↳ only students from a
gimnaziya could
progres to university/modern technical limited
Subjects encouraged
·
that critical thinking were banned (science , literature)
·
Censorship wa s tightened and there was strict control over student activities/Organisations
More to increase Isarist control rather t h an improve education
State
teacher-training colleges up
·
Set
a l l owe d women lec tures b u t could veto appointments
· Tolstoy reluctantly
POLICE , LAW AND CONTROL
· Shuvalor encouraged the t h i rd Sec tion while Pahlen controlled law
searches and ar rests increasedt
governer-generals emergency
·
new established in 1879 with powers to prosecute in
Military cou r ts + exile political offenders
D even radicals who fled the country tracked d ow n
· Pahlen held show trials' for deterrence backfired
X
L jury wa s Sympathetic to 153 of 193 defendants + publicity to revolutionaries
NATIONAL MINORITIES
LORIS-MELIKOV- Zemstra demands (Tsar killed same day 1881
accepting by bomb
·
Development of national identity provoked ethic groups
Polish nationalism had sur faced
· and brought rebellion in 1930 , and in the 1940s a Finnish language pressure group was set up +
local
language newspapers
· In Ukraine , the Secret brotherhood of Saints Cyril and Methodius' provoked national consciousness t h a t sought to Separate Ukrainian Slaus from Russia
·
Alexander wa s more concerned ab ou t control t h an racial superiority
D Sent brother the Polish rebellion 1863 where 200 000 poles had
his Konstantin to deal with , joined an
underground National Government for Poland
and fo r m of
waged a Guerrilla war fare > crushed in 1864
· Did not
engage in
systematic persecution + used concessions
D 1864/75 decrees allowed Latvians and Estonians allowe d to rever t to Lutheranism + allowed the Finns to have t h e i r ow n dier
or per formances 1876
·
Slightly reactionary later with prohibition on the use of the use of Ukrainian language in publications
, Inguage 1883 + 1884 all theatres in the 5 Ukranian
provinces were closed
Military Service extended into areas
previously exempt dispersed
·
+
conscripts from national areas were to prevent national
grouping
1984, Armenia 188
·
Uprisings Mercilessly suppressed in Guriya in Georgia 1842
, Bashkira
In the Baltic 37 , 000 Lutherans converted to Orthodoxy > to use special measures of support
·
region ,
closed d ow n ) influence of Catholic priests curbed + incentives for non Catholics to settle here
· Poland Catholic Monasteries
,
worked to convert heathers and Muslims' s included forced
· In Asia ,
the All-Russian Orthodox Missionary Society
baptisms
· From 1883, places of workships dress
members of non-Orthodox Churches were not allowed to b u i l d new ,
we a r religious
except in
meeting place ,
or spread religious propaganda) conversion Punishable by exile to Siberia
RESULTS
332 of disturbance 61/92
· In June 1888 , department of police estimated cases mass in
Provinces
LD Swiftly curbed ,
51 involved
military employment
and wealthy Fines Poles and Baltic
· caused resentment among more educated ,
Germans
liber ties
L constantly petitioned the Tsars for m o re + secret publication
nationall groups
books
of local language
t o unite the to
Russification believed it wa s necessary country
· Those who supported
reasser t Russian Strength /strong nationalistic feeling)
other to join opposition
Also intensified national feeling among non-Russian) persuading
·
groups
D ANTI- SEMITISM
Most of the 5 million where confined to the Pale of Settlement
·
Jews
1887 -
Number of Jews in
existed among the poorer > resented money lending
· Alexander 11 rule : antisemitism had Jews
/Personal riches
school/uni by ↳ but allowe d wealthier Jews to Settle elsewhere until Polish revolt made him reduce participation of
regulated
Jews in town gov
of further Alexander III's ministers
quo + a )
D this encouraged the growth antisemitism - encouraged by
such as Pobedonoslus Slogan Beat the Yids-save Russia'
1899 -
need a special Alexander III wa s anti-semitic
·
largely
·
Jewish concentration in the Pale made them targets in the 1891 pogroms
blamed Jews for Alexander III's
be elected the Ouhrana
permit to
# May be due to business competition but probable
assassination
to the bar
s l ow to act and the Holy League' organisation , supported by
authorities were
LD Governing
attacks banned in 1882
Pobedonostev helped to coordinate early
1889 -
Non Christians are
,
Jews to
to Kiev and Odessa (also Ukraine) (causing many
· From Yelizavetgrad ,
riots Spread
Forbidden from flee accross border West
buying the to
Europe
L If Cities affected with Jewish property burnt , shops and businesses destroyed trape
Major
in certain provinces
property and murder
laws Forbidden to settle in tow n s under 10 , 0 0 0
May : -
1842-banned from voting outside Jew tow n s are void
- All contracts of renting property
Christian holidays
in local elections Forbidden to do business on Sundays or
-
↳ many Jews left the country some expelled eg Kiev 1896
1893-banned adopting
.
from a ,
-) 1991-92 passover
during the
-
Winter of 10 , 000 Jewish ar tisans
, expelled , 20 , 000
Christian' name
