NZ Nursing State Exam: NZ Nursing State Exam Study Guide: Questions & Answers: Latest Updated

What is Heart Failure? (Ans- When the heart is unable to pump and supply sufficient blood to the body needs Definition of Shock (Ans- It is a syndrome characterized by tissue ischemia from decreased perfusion and impaired cellular metabolism What are the 3 causes of cardiogenic shock? (Ans- -primary ventricular ischemia caused by MI -structural problems -Arrhythmias What does the 3 causes of cardiogenic shock result in? (Ans- systolic dysfunction: ineffective forward movement of blood. This leads to decrease in stroke volume and cardiac output = decrease in cellular oxygen supply, tissue perfusion and impaired cellular metabolism. What are the two types of hypovolemia? (Ans- -Absolute hypovolemia: Fluid loss from hemorrhage, GI loss or great big fistula. -Relative Hypovolemia: When fluid moves from vascular space to extra vascular space What is the pathophysiology of hypovolemic shock? (Ans- Decrease in circulating volume, venous return, stroke volume, cardiac output, cellular O2 supply, tissue perfusion and impaired cellular metabolism. What are the four stages of Labor? (Ans- -The cervix opens to 10cm dilated -The baby moves through the vagina and is born -The placenta is delivered -Rest & recovery How long do you monitor the mother after birth and what do you monitor for? (Ans- Must monitor the mother 1-2 hours postpartum to detect hemorrhage or hypovolemia Why do new borns need vitamin K? (Ans- We administer vitamin K via vastus lateralis because newborns cannot synthesize vitamin K in the intestines without the bacterial flora. What is the use of Pitocin? (Ans- Pitocin is given to the mother after birth to help with involution when the size of the uterus returns to pre-pregnant state. What are the conditions of labour stimulation? (Ans- -Longitudinal lie -At least 39 weeks or fatal lung maturity -The mother must also have a ripe cervix (soft and supple) before she is induced What are the methods of labour stimulation? (Ans- -Breast stimulation -Amniotomy (artificial rupture of the membrane) -Oxytocin administration (stimulates the uterus muscles to contract) -Drugs containing prostaglandins What is the Fetal Development stages? (Ans- -Pre-embroyonic (fertilisation to 3 weeks) -Embryonic period (4-7weeks), organ system forms and the embryo is vulnerable to injury by maternal drug use, maternal infection & other factors -Fetal period (week8-birth) What is oestrogen's purpose in pregnancy? (Ans- Stimulates uterine development, by maintaining a suitable environment for the foetus What is Progesterone purpose? (Ans- Reduces uterine muscle irritability & prevents spontaneous abortion of the foetus. What is Chadwicks sign in relation to pregnancy (Ans- When the vagina changes from pink to voilet What is Goodwells sign in relation to pregnancy? (Ans- The cervix softens What is Haegar's sign in relation to pregnancy? (Ans- When the lower uterine segment softens Define Meningitis (Ans- It is an acute inflammation of the meningeal tissues surrounding the brain and spinal cord. The bacteria enters CNS via upper respiratory tract and blood stream. What are the two bacteria responsible for meningitis? (Ans- Streptococcous pneumonia & Neisseria What are the complications of meningitis? (Ans- -increased intracranial pressure -septicemia -Haemorrhage Sign & symptoms of meningitis (Ans- -fever -headache -nausea & vomiting -stiff neck -decreased LOC -Rash non-blanchable