EMS 1059 FINAL EXAM FORUM -
EMERGENCY CARE AAOS 10TH
EDITION - MIAMI DADE COLLEGE
What are ALS and BLS skills?
Basic life support BLS is a noninvasive emergency lifesaving care that is used to treat
medical conditions, including airway obstruction, respiratory arrest, and cardiac arrest,
this includes CPR. BLS differs from Advanced life support ALS, which involves
advanced lifesaving procedures, such as cardiac monitoring, administration of
intravenous fluids, and use of advanced airway adjuncts. (Page 413-414)
Who are laypeople?
those in the workplace; Teachers, coaches, child care providers, etc. People who
regularly accompany groups on trips to remote locations.
BLS/CPR & Automated external defibrillators (AEDs) are used by laypeople.
(Page 12)
Standing orders
Written documents, signed by the E.M.S. system's medical director, that outline specific
directions, permissions, and sometimes prohibitions regarding patient care; are part of
protocols. It is an offline (indirect) medical control.
(Pg 136, 17)
Medical direction
Each E.M.S. system has a physician medical director who authorizes E.M.T.'s to
provide medical care in the field. Appropriate care is described in standing orders and
protocols. Medical care can be off-line (indirect) or online (direct). (Pg 16)
What does Online and Offline mean?
Medical control is either off-line (indirect) and online (direct) as authorized by the
medical director. Online consists of direction given over the phone or radio directly from
the medical director or designated physician. Off-line medical control consists of
standing orders, training, and supervision authorized by the medical director. (Page 16-
17)
What is E.M.S.?
The emergency medical services (E.M.S.) system consists of health care professionals
who, in each area or jurisdiction, are responsible for and provide emergency care and
transportation to the sick and injured. (Page 5)
Talk about Continuing education.
You must assume responsibility for directing your own study and learning . As an EMT,
you will be required to attend a certain number of hours of continuing education
approved for EMT's each year to maintain, update, and expand your knowledge and
skills. (Page 16, 17, 18, 20) Once certified , you are obliged to conform to the standards
that are generally recognized nationally by various registry groups and provide an
important link in nationwide EMS. (Page 90)
Negligence
,Negligence is the failure to provide the same care that a person with similar training
would provide on the same or similar situation. All four of the following elements must
be present for negligence to apply: Duty, Breach of duty, Damages, and Causation.
(Page 90)
What is consent?
A person receiving care must give permission, or consent, for treatment. There are four
types of consent, Expressed consent, Implied consent, Involuntary consent, and Minors
and consent. Consent is permission to render care. (Page 79,80, 102)
DNR
A do not resuscitate (DNR) order is an advance directive written by a physician that
gives permission not to resuscitate in the event of cardiac arrest. To be valid it needs to
be within the expiration date, signed by one or more physicians, have the signature of
the patient or legal guardian, and has a clear statement of the patient's medical
problem(s). (pg 84)
What is the good Samaritan law?
Most states have adopted the good Samaritan laws, which are based on the common
law principle that when you reasonably help another person, you should not be liable for
errors and omissions that are made in giving good faith emergency care. These do not
necessarily protect you from a lawsuit. (Page 92)
Dyspnea
shortness of breath or difficulty breathing. (pg 475)
acute pulmonary edema
A sudden buildup of fluid in the lungs. Caused when the heart muscle can't circulate
blood properly due to injury from a heart attack or other illness, the heart cannot remove
blood from the lung as fast as the right side delivers it. As a result, fluid builds up within
the alveoli and in the lung tissue between the avleoli and the pulmonary capillaries. This
accumulation of fluid is referred to as pulmonary edema, and usually the result of CHF,
congestive heart failure. (Page 482)
What are two processes of respiration?
inspiration: the act of breathing in or inhaling
expiration: the act of breathing out, or exhaling. (Page 476)
What is ventilation?
Ventilation is the movement of air between the environment outside and the lungs via
inhalation and exhalation. (Page 161)
Where does respiration occur?
Respiration occurs in the lungs, the principal function of the lungs is respiration, which is
the exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide. (Page 475)
Angina pectoris
Transient (Short-lived) chest discomfort occurs when myocardial oxygen demand
exceeds the supply. (pg 532)
What is Myocardium?
The heart is made up of specialized tissue called cardiac muscle or myocardium. (Page
163)
What are coronary arteries and veins?
Coronary arteries are blood vessels that supply blood to heart muscle.
Coronary veins are any of the several veins that drain blood from the heart wall and
, empty into the coronary sinus.
(Page 527,529)
What is an AMI?
An acute myocardial infarction or heart attack; death of the heart muscle after an
obstruction has prevented blood flow to the heart. (Page 563)
Nitro
Nitroglycerin is a medication that increases cardiac perfusion by causing the arteries to
dilate. it relives the pain of angina. (Page 245,542)
What is EPI?
EPI stands for epinephrine and it can come in the form of an injectable pen. Epinephrine
is a substance produced by the body called adrenaline, and it is also a drug produced
by the pharmaceutical companies that increases the pulse rate and blood pressure of
the patient. the drug of choice for a case of anaphylactic reaction. (Page 666)
What is MDI?
MDI stands for metered-dose inhaler. This is a miniature spray canister used to direct a
substance through the mouth and into the lungs. An MDI delivers the same amount of
medication each time. (Page 226)
What is Glutose?
Glutose is the medication used which is really an oral Glucose gel substance carried by
EMS, usually in tube form that can counteract the effects of hypoglycemia in the same
way a candy bar or sweet drink can help, only this is faster. (Page 233)
What is ASA?
acetylsalicylic acid; Aspirin. A medication that is antipyretic (reduces fever), analgesic
(reduces pain), anti-inflammatory, (reduces inflammation), and potent inhibitor of
platelet aggregation or clumping. Prevents clots from happening or getting bigger.
(Page 245)
Describe the circulation of the heart.
The Blood comes into the right atrium from the body and it moves into the right ventricle
and is then pushed into the pulmonary arteries in the lungs. After the blood picks up
oxygen, in then travels back into the heart through the pulmonary veins into the left
atrium, to the left ventricle and then out to the body's tissues through the aorta. (Page
525, 526)
Risk factors of an AMI
Major controllable factors are: cigarette smoking, high blood pressure, elevated
cholesterol levels, elevated blood glucose levels (diabetes), lack of exercise, and stress.
Major risk factors that cannot be controlled are: older age, family Hx of atherosclerotic
coronary artery disease, and male sex.
CO2 (carbon dioxide) blocks what?
Carbon dioxide blocks the ability of the hemoglobin to transport oxygen to your body
tissue. (Page 66)
What are HIV facts?
There is no vaccine to protect against HIV infection, and despite great progress in drug
treatments, AIDS is still fatal. (Page 461)
What is waterless hand-washing?
Use a waterless handwashing solution if there is no running water available. But make
sure to wash your hands with soap and water once you arrive at the hospital. (Page 35)
EMERGENCY CARE AAOS 10TH
EDITION - MIAMI DADE COLLEGE
What are ALS and BLS skills?
Basic life support BLS is a noninvasive emergency lifesaving care that is used to treat
medical conditions, including airway obstruction, respiratory arrest, and cardiac arrest,
this includes CPR. BLS differs from Advanced life support ALS, which involves
advanced lifesaving procedures, such as cardiac monitoring, administration of
intravenous fluids, and use of advanced airway adjuncts. (Page 413-414)
Who are laypeople?
those in the workplace; Teachers, coaches, child care providers, etc. People who
regularly accompany groups on trips to remote locations.
BLS/CPR & Automated external defibrillators (AEDs) are used by laypeople.
(Page 12)
Standing orders
Written documents, signed by the E.M.S. system's medical director, that outline specific
directions, permissions, and sometimes prohibitions regarding patient care; are part of
protocols. It is an offline (indirect) medical control.
(Pg 136, 17)
Medical direction
Each E.M.S. system has a physician medical director who authorizes E.M.T.'s to
provide medical care in the field. Appropriate care is described in standing orders and
protocols. Medical care can be off-line (indirect) or online (direct). (Pg 16)
What does Online and Offline mean?
Medical control is either off-line (indirect) and online (direct) as authorized by the
medical director. Online consists of direction given over the phone or radio directly from
the medical director or designated physician. Off-line medical control consists of
standing orders, training, and supervision authorized by the medical director. (Page 16-
17)
What is E.M.S.?
The emergency medical services (E.M.S.) system consists of health care professionals
who, in each area or jurisdiction, are responsible for and provide emergency care and
transportation to the sick and injured. (Page 5)
Talk about Continuing education.
You must assume responsibility for directing your own study and learning . As an EMT,
you will be required to attend a certain number of hours of continuing education
approved for EMT's each year to maintain, update, and expand your knowledge and
skills. (Page 16, 17, 18, 20) Once certified , you are obliged to conform to the standards
that are generally recognized nationally by various registry groups and provide an
important link in nationwide EMS. (Page 90)
Negligence
,Negligence is the failure to provide the same care that a person with similar training
would provide on the same or similar situation. All four of the following elements must
be present for negligence to apply: Duty, Breach of duty, Damages, and Causation.
(Page 90)
What is consent?
A person receiving care must give permission, or consent, for treatment. There are four
types of consent, Expressed consent, Implied consent, Involuntary consent, and Minors
and consent. Consent is permission to render care. (Page 79,80, 102)
DNR
A do not resuscitate (DNR) order is an advance directive written by a physician that
gives permission not to resuscitate in the event of cardiac arrest. To be valid it needs to
be within the expiration date, signed by one or more physicians, have the signature of
the patient or legal guardian, and has a clear statement of the patient's medical
problem(s). (pg 84)
What is the good Samaritan law?
Most states have adopted the good Samaritan laws, which are based on the common
law principle that when you reasonably help another person, you should not be liable for
errors and omissions that are made in giving good faith emergency care. These do not
necessarily protect you from a lawsuit. (Page 92)
Dyspnea
shortness of breath or difficulty breathing. (pg 475)
acute pulmonary edema
A sudden buildup of fluid in the lungs. Caused when the heart muscle can't circulate
blood properly due to injury from a heart attack or other illness, the heart cannot remove
blood from the lung as fast as the right side delivers it. As a result, fluid builds up within
the alveoli and in the lung tissue between the avleoli and the pulmonary capillaries. This
accumulation of fluid is referred to as pulmonary edema, and usually the result of CHF,
congestive heart failure. (Page 482)
What are two processes of respiration?
inspiration: the act of breathing in or inhaling
expiration: the act of breathing out, or exhaling. (Page 476)
What is ventilation?
Ventilation is the movement of air between the environment outside and the lungs via
inhalation and exhalation. (Page 161)
Where does respiration occur?
Respiration occurs in the lungs, the principal function of the lungs is respiration, which is
the exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide. (Page 475)
Angina pectoris
Transient (Short-lived) chest discomfort occurs when myocardial oxygen demand
exceeds the supply. (pg 532)
What is Myocardium?
The heart is made up of specialized tissue called cardiac muscle or myocardium. (Page
163)
What are coronary arteries and veins?
Coronary arteries are blood vessels that supply blood to heart muscle.
Coronary veins are any of the several veins that drain blood from the heart wall and
, empty into the coronary sinus.
(Page 527,529)
What is an AMI?
An acute myocardial infarction or heart attack; death of the heart muscle after an
obstruction has prevented blood flow to the heart. (Page 563)
Nitro
Nitroglycerin is a medication that increases cardiac perfusion by causing the arteries to
dilate. it relives the pain of angina. (Page 245,542)
What is EPI?
EPI stands for epinephrine and it can come in the form of an injectable pen. Epinephrine
is a substance produced by the body called adrenaline, and it is also a drug produced
by the pharmaceutical companies that increases the pulse rate and blood pressure of
the patient. the drug of choice for a case of anaphylactic reaction. (Page 666)
What is MDI?
MDI stands for metered-dose inhaler. This is a miniature spray canister used to direct a
substance through the mouth and into the lungs. An MDI delivers the same amount of
medication each time. (Page 226)
What is Glutose?
Glutose is the medication used which is really an oral Glucose gel substance carried by
EMS, usually in tube form that can counteract the effects of hypoglycemia in the same
way a candy bar or sweet drink can help, only this is faster. (Page 233)
What is ASA?
acetylsalicylic acid; Aspirin. A medication that is antipyretic (reduces fever), analgesic
(reduces pain), anti-inflammatory, (reduces inflammation), and potent inhibitor of
platelet aggregation or clumping. Prevents clots from happening or getting bigger.
(Page 245)
Describe the circulation of the heart.
The Blood comes into the right atrium from the body and it moves into the right ventricle
and is then pushed into the pulmonary arteries in the lungs. After the blood picks up
oxygen, in then travels back into the heart through the pulmonary veins into the left
atrium, to the left ventricle and then out to the body's tissues through the aorta. (Page
525, 526)
Risk factors of an AMI
Major controllable factors are: cigarette smoking, high blood pressure, elevated
cholesterol levels, elevated blood glucose levels (diabetes), lack of exercise, and stress.
Major risk factors that cannot be controlled are: older age, family Hx of atherosclerotic
coronary artery disease, and male sex.
CO2 (carbon dioxide) blocks what?
Carbon dioxide blocks the ability of the hemoglobin to transport oxygen to your body
tissue. (Page 66)
What are HIV facts?
There is no vaccine to protect against HIV infection, and despite great progress in drug
treatments, AIDS is still fatal. (Page 461)
What is waterless hand-washing?
Use a waterless handwashing solution if there is no running water available. But make
sure to wash your hands with soap and water once you arrive at the hospital. (Page 35)
