PYB159 Test Questions with Correct Answers Latest Update 2025-2026
Prevention and determinants - key concepts - Answers - explained by risk and protective factors
from a range of levels
- individual, familial and societal context
- risk and protective factors may not directly influence drug use (e.g. low SES)
risk factors - Answers predict initiation to drug use and risk of problems associated later in life
protective factors - Answers mediate or moderate risk factors
- key protective factor : resilience (well adjusted and effected in adverse environment)
Pharmacology - Answers - pharmacokinetics (move in the body, half life - metabolise half the
dose) and pharmacodynamics (what a drug does to the body)
Patterns of use in Aus - tobacco - Answers - consistent in trends
- daily smokers decreasing gradually
Australia's annual overdose report - Answers - one aus dies every 4 hrs
- Third most common cause of death for people in twenties, 2nd for in 30s.
- Majority of deaths were unintentional overdoses
- One-third of all accidental overdoses occurred in most disadvantaged areas
Take home Naloxone - Answers - supplied through needle syringe program
- lifesaving
Combining drugs - Answers seven in 10 unintentional drug-induced deaths involved two or more
drug types
Determinants - Answers The range of risk and protective factors that make someone more or
less likely to develop a drug use disorder
Risk factors - determinants - Answers - earlier onset has a cumulative effect on subsequent,
longer term risk trajectory
- the more risks that persist over longer time, the greater the impact
- multiple risks experiences concurrently that increase likelihood of harmful drug use
Examples of major risk factors prior to birth - Answers social disadvantage
,- family breakdown
- genetic influences
- maternal smoking and alcohol use
Examples of major protective factors prior to birth - Answers - birth outside Australia
Low SES - risk factor - Answers - increasing disparity between rich and poor inked to morbidity,
mortality and other health risk behaviours such as drug use. Economic discrepancies producing
personal and interpersonal insecurities, tensions and conflict
- greater inequality, worse the health outcomes
Differences in use by drug type and SES - Answers - most advantages more likely to use
hallucinogens 6x, cocaine 4x, inhalants, 3 times
- people in lowest SES were 1.6x more likely to have recently used pain-relievers and opioids
14-17 year olds and 18-24 year olds - Answers - decline in proportion of people aged 14-17
consuming alcohol at risky levels (about half)
- illici use of drugs higher among females than males for first time
Risk factor - trauma - Answers - children affected by abuse or neglect have higher risk of
problems later in life
- adverse childhood experiences
Risk factors - genetics - Answers - genetic/biological
- examples:
- variations in the metabolism of substances
- temperament
- behavioural problems
- personality factors
- "genes load the gun and environment pulls the trigger"
Protective factors - ethnicity? - Answers depends
- some indication that born outside of australia is protective
- family cohesion, rules and cultural norms, and parental supervision
, - also can be a risk factor (low ses communities, family trauma, social isolation)
- indigenous risk factor - related to poverty, disadvantage, cultural dispossession and exclusion
Aboriginal people who drink do so at harmful levels - Answers Aboriginal people generally drink
less than non, those who do are more likely to drink at hazardous levels. unfortunately, many
reports focus on these results, rather than the fact that generally they drink less
major risk & protective factors infancy/preschool - Answers Risk
- parental neglect and abuse
Protect
- easy temperament
major risk & protective factors - primary school - Answers Risk
- early school failure
- conduct disorder
- aggression
protect
- social and emotional competence
- shy and cautious temperament
Risk factors - family factors - Answers - harmony vs conflict
- family relationships/support
- parent and family drug use (role modelling)
risk factors - education - Answers - Academic failure/learning behavioural difficulties
- drug use may contribute to or result from
- impact on self-perception
- timing important (failure in year 5 predicts later delinquency, not year 1)
protective factors - education - Answers - prosocial contact
Prevention and determinants - key concepts - Answers - explained by risk and protective factors
from a range of levels
- individual, familial and societal context
- risk and protective factors may not directly influence drug use (e.g. low SES)
risk factors - Answers predict initiation to drug use and risk of problems associated later in life
protective factors - Answers mediate or moderate risk factors
- key protective factor : resilience (well adjusted and effected in adverse environment)
Pharmacology - Answers - pharmacokinetics (move in the body, half life - metabolise half the
dose) and pharmacodynamics (what a drug does to the body)
Patterns of use in Aus - tobacco - Answers - consistent in trends
- daily smokers decreasing gradually
Australia's annual overdose report - Answers - one aus dies every 4 hrs
- Third most common cause of death for people in twenties, 2nd for in 30s.
- Majority of deaths were unintentional overdoses
- One-third of all accidental overdoses occurred in most disadvantaged areas
Take home Naloxone - Answers - supplied through needle syringe program
- lifesaving
Combining drugs - Answers seven in 10 unintentional drug-induced deaths involved two or more
drug types
Determinants - Answers The range of risk and protective factors that make someone more or
less likely to develop a drug use disorder
Risk factors - determinants - Answers - earlier onset has a cumulative effect on subsequent,
longer term risk trajectory
- the more risks that persist over longer time, the greater the impact
- multiple risks experiences concurrently that increase likelihood of harmful drug use
Examples of major risk factors prior to birth - Answers social disadvantage
,- family breakdown
- genetic influences
- maternal smoking and alcohol use
Examples of major protective factors prior to birth - Answers - birth outside Australia
Low SES - risk factor - Answers - increasing disparity between rich and poor inked to morbidity,
mortality and other health risk behaviours such as drug use. Economic discrepancies producing
personal and interpersonal insecurities, tensions and conflict
- greater inequality, worse the health outcomes
Differences in use by drug type and SES - Answers - most advantages more likely to use
hallucinogens 6x, cocaine 4x, inhalants, 3 times
- people in lowest SES were 1.6x more likely to have recently used pain-relievers and opioids
14-17 year olds and 18-24 year olds - Answers - decline in proportion of people aged 14-17
consuming alcohol at risky levels (about half)
- illici use of drugs higher among females than males for first time
Risk factor - trauma - Answers - children affected by abuse or neglect have higher risk of
problems later in life
- adverse childhood experiences
Risk factors - genetics - Answers - genetic/biological
- examples:
- variations in the metabolism of substances
- temperament
- behavioural problems
- personality factors
- "genes load the gun and environment pulls the trigger"
Protective factors - ethnicity? - Answers depends
- some indication that born outside of australia is protective
- family cohesion, rules and cultural norms, and parental supervision
, - also can be a risk factor (low ses communities, family trauma, social isolation)
- indigenous risk factor - related to poverty, disadvantage, cultural dispossession and exclusion
Aboriginal people who drink do so at harmful levels - Answers Aboriginal people generally drink
less than non, those who do are more likely to drink at hazardous levels. unfortunately, many
reports focus on these results, rather than the fact that generally they drink less
major risk & protective factors infancy/preschool - Answers Risk
- parental neglect and abuse
Protect
- easy temperament
major risk & protective factors - primary school - Answers Risk
- early school failure
- conduct disorder
- aggression
protect
- social and emotional competence
- shy and cautious temperament
Risk factors - family factors - Answers - harmony vs conflict
- family relationships/support
- parent and family drug use (role modelling)
risk factors - education - Answers - Academic failure/learning behavioural difficulties
- drug use may contribute to or result from
- impact on self-perception
- timing important (failure in year 5 predicts later delinquency, not year 1)
protective factors - education - Answers - prosocial contact
