Immunology Exam quiz and answers
well graded 100%
Define Microorganism - ANS✅✅•organisms too small to see with the naked eye
Includes:
•Bacteria
•Archae
•Fungi (yeasts, molds)
•Protozoa
•Algae
•Viruses
•Parasites
Benefits of Microbes - ANS✅✅•Decompose organic waste (break down dead plant matter and
recycle it)
•Produce energy using photosynthesis (algae)
•Produce foods (cheese, pickles)
•Produce products (insulin, vitamins)
•Microbiome (beneficial bacterial in/on bodies)
- they don't cause immune rxn, gets tolerated and helps defend our bodies
•A few are pathogenic: disease causing
Define Immunity - ANS✅✅resistance to pathogens
Immunity includes reactions to noninfectious substances - ANS✅✅•Harmless environmental
molecules (pollen, chemicals à allergies: rxn to these)
•Tumors (tumor immunity)
•Unaltered host components (autoimmune disease)
,Immunology - ANS✅✅study of immunity at the cellular and molecular level
Variolation (defin, effects, risks) - ANS✅✅- 10th century •exposing healthy individuals to infectious
materials from scabs and pustules from smallpox patients
•infection that developed was milder than naturally acquired smallpox
•After recovering from mild infection, person was protected from more serious infection
•Variolation had risks because full strength fatal infections could occur, and the infected individual
was contagious
Edward Jenner - ANS✅✅- Jenner inspired vaccination; pioneered the concept of vaccines including
creating the smallpox vaccine, the world's first ever vaccine
- •noticed that milkmaids developed cowpox, which was similar to smallpox but milder
•they didn't develop smallpox
•He hypothesized that exposure to a less virulent (less symptoms causing) pathogen could provide
immune protection from a more virulent pathogen
Jenner, testing Hypothesis - ANS✅✅1.Took samples of cowpox lesions
2.Injected them into a young boy
3.Boy developed cowpox
4.Then injected young boy with smallpox material
5.Boy did NOT get sick with smallpox
Vaccination - ANS✅✅introduction of a vaccine into the body
•a: an antigenic preparation of a typically inactivated or attenuated (weakened) pathogenic agent
(such as a bacterium or virus) or one of its components or products (such as a protein or toxin)
----a.take a virus (c19/flu) and inactivate (change it so it wont cause full blown reaction). Give people
weakened form/piece of it (toxin)
b: a preparation of genetic material (such as a strand of synthesized messenger RNA) that is used by
the cells of the body to produce an antigenic substance (such as a fragment of virus spike protein
--a.NEW definition: take genetic material (RNA/DNA) and inject into body. Body's cell uses material
to make the blueprint
, Louis Pasteur - ANS✅✅•developed vaccines for rabies and cholera
-shows that bacteria just don't come from no where (don't need to know this). Vaccines for rabies
and cholera
- Smallpox only exist in laboratories now. We don't vaccinate for this anymore because it doesn't
exist in our environment anymore
Robert Koch - ANS✅✅proved infectious diseases are caused by microorganisms, discovered the
tuberculosis bacterium
- nobel prize in medicine in 1905
What did Robert Kock discover? - ANS✅✅•discovered rod-shaped bacteria in the blood of cattle
that had died of anthrax
1.Cultured the bacteria from the blood of sick cows
2.Injected the bacteria into healthy cattle
3.Healthy cattle got sick and died (not enough to prove these bacteria caused illness in cow)
4.Isolated the bacteria from the newly sick cattle
5.Compared to the original bacteria and they appeared to be the same
6.Concluded the illness was from the bacteria
Koch's postulates - ANS✅✅•sequence of experimental steps to relate a specific microbe to a
specific disease
Emil von Behring and Shibasaburo Kitasato (antitoxic activity) - ANS✅✅developed antitoxins for
diphtheria and tetanus
evidence for humoral (antibody-based) immunity
- serum of animals immune to diphtheria and tetanus.
- discovered "antitoxic activity" in the serum that could give short lived protection to diphtheria and
tetanus toxins in humans
•We now know this was due to antibodies which could bind and neutralize the toxins
well graded 100%
Define Microorganism - ANS✅✅•organisms too small to see with the naked eye
Includes:
•Bacteria
•Archae
•Fungi (yeasts, molds)
•Protozoa
•Algae
•Viruses
•Parasites
Benefits of Microbes - ANS✅✅•Decompose organic waste (break down dead plant matter and
recycle it)
•Produce energy using photosynthesis (algae)
•Produce foods (cheese, pickles)
•Produce products (insulin, vitamins)
•Microbiome (beneficial bacterial in/on bodies)
- they don't cause immune rxn, gets tolerated and helps defend our bodies
•A few are pathogenic: disease causing
Define Immunity - ANS✅✅resistance to pathogens
Immunity includes reactions to noninfectious substances - ANS✅✅•Harmless environmental
molecules (pollen, chemicals à allergies: rxn to these)
•Tumors (tumor immunity)
•Unaltered host components (autoimmune disease)
,Immunology - ANS✅✅study of immunity at the cellular and molecular level
Variolation (defin, effects, risks) - ANS✅✅- 10th century •exposing healthy individuals to infectious
materials from scabs and pustules from smallpox patients
•infection that developed was milder than naturally acquired smallpox
•After recovering from mild infection, person was protected from more serious infection
•Variolation had risks because full strength fatal infections could occur, and the infected individual
was contagious
Edward Jenner - ANS✅✅- Jenner inspired vaccination; pioneered the concept of vaccines including
creating the smallpox vaccine, the world's first ever vaccine
- •noticed that milkmaids developed cowpox, which was similar to smallpox but milder
•they didn't develop smallpox
•He hypothesized that exposure to a less virulent (less symptoms causing) pathogen could provide
immune protection from a more virulent pathogen
Jenner, testing Hypothesis - ANS✅✅1.Took samples of cowpox lesions
2.Injected them into a young boy
3.Boy developed cowpox
4.Then injected young boy with smallpox material
5.Boy did NOT get sick with smallpox
Vaccination - ANS✅✅introduction of a vaccine into the body
•a: an antigenic preparation of a typically inactivated or attenuated (weakened) pathogenic agent
(such as a bacterium or virus) or one of its components or products (such as a protein or toxin)
----a.take a virus (c19/flu) and inactivate (change it so it wont cause full blown reaction). Give people
weakened form/piece of it (toxin)
b: a preparation of genetic material (such as a strand of synthesized messenger RNA) that is used by
the cells of the body to produce an antigenic substance (such as a fragment of virus spike protein
--a.NEW definition: take genetic material (RNA/DNA) and inject into body. Body's cell uses material
to make the blueprint
, Louis Pasteur - ANS✅✅•developed vaccines for rabies and cholera
-shows that bacteria just don't come from no where (don't need to know this). Vaccines for rabies
and cholera
- Smallpox only exist in laboratories now. We don't vaccinate for this anymore because it doesn't
exist in our environment anymore
Robert Koch - ANS✅✅proved infectious diseases are caused by microorganisms, discovered the
tuberculosis bacterium
- nobel prize in medicine in 1905
What did Robert Kock discover? - ANS✅✅•discovered rod-shaped bacteria in the blood of cattle
that had died of anthrax
1.Cultured the bacteria from the blood of sick cows
2.Injected the bacteria into healthy cattle
3.Healthy cattle got sick and died (not enough to prove these bacteria caused illness in cow)
4.Isolated the bacteria from the newly sick cattle
5.Compared to the original bacteria and they appeared to be the same
6.Concluded the illness was from the bacteria
Koch's postulates - ANS✅✅•sequence of experimental steps to relate a specific microbe to a
specific disease
Emil von Behring and Shibasaburo Kitasato (antitoxic activity) - ANS✅✅developed antitoxins for
diphtheria and tetanus
evidence for humoral (antibody-based) immunity
- serum of animals immune to diphtheria and tetanus.
- discovered "antitoxic activity" in the serum that could give short lived protection to diphtheria and
tetanus toxins in humans
•We now know this was due to antibodies which could bind and neutralize the toxins
