CMHC Question and answers verified to
pass 2025/2026
The timeline of counseling (specifically, Frank Parsons (major accomplishments), DOT first published,
date of the American Personnel and Guidance Association, date of Community Mental Health Centers
Act, first state licensed, founding of CACREP, ACA) - correct answer ✔Before 1900, Freud's
psychoanalytic theory and behaviorism were dominated. During 1900-1909, Frank Parsons, the
Renaissance man, focused on growth and prevention, founded Boston's Vocational Bureau in 1908,
offen called the Father of Guidance. He worked with young people who were in the process of making
career decisions. He theorized that choosing a vocation was a matter of relating three factors: a
knowledge of the world of work, a knowledge of self, and the use of true reasoning to match the two.
Published a book "Choosing a vocation".
Dictionary of Occupational Titles (DOT) published in 1939. A major source of career information for
vocational counselors, described known occupations in the US and coded them according to job titles..
American Personnel and guidance association was founded in 1952 with the purpose of formally
organizing groups interested in guidance, counseling and personnel matters.
Community mental health centers act was established in 1963. goal of this act was to establish a
nationwide system of community mental health centers that would serve the needs of America's newly
deinstitutionalized mentally ill population by focusing on outpatient, community-based services.
Virginia became the first state to adopt a counselor licensure law in 1976.
CACREP was formed in 1981 as an affiliated organization of APGA.
ACA was a name modified from AACD in 1992
Divisions of ACA - correct answer ✔1. American college counseling association in 1991
2. Association for Gay, Lesbian, and Bisexual Issues in Counseling in 1996
3. Counselors for social justice in 1999
By the end of decade, 18 divisions were formed.
,Characteristics of psychiatrists, psychologists, social workers (how are they different from counselors?) -
correct answer ✔Psychiatrists-- Earn a medical degree and then completed a residency in psychiatry.
can prescribe medication. Specialize in treating people with major psychological disorder. follow two
models: biomedial model and biopsychosocial model.
Psychologists-- Earn a PhD, EdD, or PsyD. Specialized within the field include clinical, social, cognitive,
developmental, counseling, and school psychology. state license.
Social Work-- Earn a master in social work degree.Licensed by states, completed internships in social
agency settings. Important goals include negotiating social systems and advocating for change. work in
schools, medical and public health environments, and mental health and substance abuse settings.
Counselor -- Earn either a master's or doctoral degree from a related program and are CACREP
accredited, 60 credits and states license (except CA). provide counseling with groups, individuals,
couples, and families in assessing, teaching, diagnosing, referral, and researching and case
management.Collaboration among practitioners.
What are the foundational values of our profession? (e.g., advocacy, wellness, etc.) Be able to apply
these concepts! - correct answer ✔Use multifaceted approaches to promote prevention, early
intervention, and wellness
What is CACREP? - correct answer ✔CACREP standardized counselor education programs for master's
and doctoral programs in the areas of school, community / agency, mental health, marriage and family
counseling/therapy, and personnel services for college students.
The assumptions that guide Community Counseling - correct answer ✔1. people's environments either
nurture or limit them
2. The goal of counseling is to facilitate individual and community empowerment
3. a multifaceted approach to counseling is more effective than a single-service approach
4. attention to the multicultural nature of clients' development is essential to the planning and delivery
of counseling services
5. prevention is more efficient than remediation
6. the community counseling model can be used in a variety of human service, educational and business
setting
, scope of practice of mental health counseling - correct answer ✔1. assessment and diagnosis
2. psychotherapy
3. treatment planning and utilization review
4. brief and solution-focused therapy
5. alcoholism and substance abuse treatment
6. psychoeducational and prevention programs
7. crisis management
the bioecological model - correct answer ✔Four nested systens
1. microsystem represents the most proximal environment within which an individual develops. family,
school, the peer group, and the workplace
2. mesosystem is defined by interrelations among two or more microsystems at a particular point in an
individual's development
3. exosystem refers to a context that exerts indirect influence on an individual. ex. mother works at a
company has high level of stress affects her interaction at home with her child. the company is an
exosystem
4. macrosystem refers to an overarching belief system or culture. This system exert its effects indirectly
through cultural tools and institutions. It affects the way society is structured and warrants special
consideration when counseling with diverse populations
ethics - correct answer ✔a philosophical discipline that is concerned with human conduct and moral
decision making
morality - correct answer ✔involves judgment or evaluation of action. It is defined within the context
of a culture or society. It associated with words as good, bad, right, wrong, should and ought.
law - correct answer ✔is the precise condification of governing standards that are established to
ensure legal and moral justice. and is created by legislation, court decision, and tradition.
pass 2025/2026
The timeline of counseling (specifically, Frank Parsons (major accomplishments), DOT first published,
date of the American Personnel and Guidance Association, date of Community Mental Health Centers
Act, first state licensed, founding of CACREP, ACA) - correct answer ✔Before 1900, Freud's
psychoanalytic theory and behaviorism were dominated. During 1900-1909, Frank Parsons, the
Renaissance man, focused on growth and prevention, founded Boston's Vocational Bureau in 1908,
offen called the Father of Guidance. He worked with young people who were in the process of making
career decisions. He theorized that choosing a vocation was a matter of relating three factors: a
knowledge of the world of work, a knowledge of self, and the use of true reasoning to match the two.
Published a book "Choosing a vocation".
Dictionary of Occupational Titles (DOT) published in 1939. A major source of career information for
vocational counselors, described known occupations in the US and coded them according to job titles..
American Personnel and guidance association was founded in 1952 with the purpose of formally
organizing groups interested in guidance, counseling and personnel matters.
Community mental health centers act was established in 1963. goal of this act was to establish a
nationwide system of community mental health centers that would serve the needs of America's newly
deinstitutionalized mentally ill population by focusing on outpatient, community-based services.
Virginia became the first state to adopt a counselor licensure law in 1976.
CACREP was formed in 1981 as an affiliated organization of APGA.
ACA was a name modified from AACD in 1992
Divisions of ACA - correct answer ✔1. American college counseling association in 1991
2. Association for Gay, Lesbian, and Bisexual Issues in Counseling in 1996
3. Counselors for social justice in 1999
By the end of decade, 18 divisions were formed.
,Characteristics of psychiatrists, psychologists, social workers (how are they different from counselors?) -
correct answer ✔Psychiatrists-- Earn a medical degree and then completed a residency in psychiatry.
can prescribe medication. Specialize in treating people with major psychological disorder. follow two
models: biomedial model and biopsychosocial model.
Psychologists-- Earn a PhD, EdD, or PsyD. Specialized within the field include clinical, social, cognitive,
developmental, counseling, and school psychology. state license.
Social Work-- Earn a master in social work degree.Licensed by states, completed internships in social
agency settings. Important goals include negotiating social systems and advocating for change. work in
schools, medical and public health environments, and mental health and substance abuse settings.
Counselor -- Earn either a master's or doctoral degree from a related program and are CACREP
accredited, 60 credits and states license (except CA). provide counseling with groups, individuals,
couples, and families in assessing, teaching, diagnosing, referral, and researching and case
management.Collaboration among practitioners.
What are the foundational values of our profession? (e.g., advocacy, wellness, etc.) Be able to apply
these concepts! - correct answer ✔Use multifaceted approaches to promote prevention, early
intervention, and wellness
What is CACREP? - correct answer ✔CACREP standardized counselor education programs for master's
and doctoral programs in the areas of school, community / agency, mental health, marriage and family
counseling/therapy, and personnel services for college students.
The assumptions that guide Community Counseling - correct answer ✔1. people's environments either
nurture or limit them
2. The goal of counseling is to facilitate individual and community empowerment
3. a multifaceted approach to counseling is more effective than a single-service approach
4. attention to the multicultural nature of clients' development is essential to the planning and delivery
of counseling services
5. prevention is more efficient than remediation
6. the community counseling model can be used in a variety of human service, educational and business
setting
, scope of practice of mental health counseling - correct answer ✔1. assessment and diagnosis
2. psychotherapy
3. treatment planning and utilization review
4. brief and solution-focused therapy
5. alcoholism and substance abuse treatment
6. psychoeducational and prevention programs
7. crisis management
the bioecological model - correct answer ✔Four nested systens
1. microsystem represents the most proximal environment within which an individual develops. family,
school, the peer group, and the workplace
2. mesosystem is defined by interrelations among two or more microsystems at a particular point in an
individual's development
3. exosystem refers to a context that exerts indirect influence on an individual. ex. mother works at a
company has high level of stress affects her interaction at home with her child. the company is an
exosystem
4. macrosystem refers to an overarching belief system or culture. This system exert its effects indirectly
through cultural tools and institutions. It affects the way society is structured and warrants special
consideration when counseling with diverse populations
ethics - correct answer ✔a philosophical discipline that is concerned with human conduct and moral
decision making
morality - correct answer ✔involves judgment or evaluation of action. It is defined within the context
of a culture or society. It associated with words as good, bad, right, wrong, should and ought.
law - correct answer ✔is the precise condification of governing standards that are established to
ensure legal and moral justice. and is created by legislation, court decision, and tradition.
