PC707-MODULE 5-PAIN EXAM NEW VERSION
2024-2026 LATEST UPDATE WITH VERIFIED
QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS GRADED A
What is an opioid? - ANSWER>>-used for pain relief
-binds to opioid receptors primarily in the CNS, spinal cord, GI tract
-binds primarily to MU receptors and to some extent the KAPPA receptors*
What are the 4 types of pain receptors? - ANSWER>>-MU
-KAPPA
-Delta
-Sigma
What does the binding to MU receptors cause? What drugs bind primarily to
these receptors? - ANSWER>>-Analgesia*
-Respiratory depression*
-Euphoria*
-Ex: morphine (Kadian), meperidine (Demerol), fentanyl (Sublimaze),
hydromorphone hydrochloride (Dilaudid) etc.
What does the binding to KAPPA receptors cause? What drugs bind primarily to
these receptors? - ANSWER>>-Analgesia*
-Sedation*
,-Ex: nalbuphine (Nubain) & butorphanol (Stadol)
What role do delta & sigma pain receptors play? - ANSWER>>-it is not exactly
known
-cause dysphoria & hallucinations*
Why do drugs that bind to primarily MU receptors also cause sedation? -
ANSWER>>-they also bind to KAPPA receptors to some extent--which causes
sedation*
Full opioid agonists: - ANSWER>>-bind to MU receptors in the brain
-produces endorphins which causes the euphoric feeling-which provides pain
relief
Partial opioid agonists: - ANSWER>>-bind to MU receptors in the brain partially
-antagonizes kappa receptors
-produces endorphins but less than a full agonist*
-these are harder to abuse*
-higher affinity than full agonist
-can trigger withdrawal if pt taking full agonists
Ex: buprenorphine (Subutex) or buprenorphine with naloxone (Suboxone)
Examples of strong opioid agonists: - ANSWER>>-morphine, heroin, methadone,
hydromorphone, oxymorphone, meperidine
Examples of moderate opioid agonists: - ANSWER>>-codeine, oxycodone,
hydrocodone, etc.
What are mixed opioid agonist-antagonists? - ANSWER>>-little to no action at the
MU receptors--so decreased risk of respiratory depression
-acts strongly at the KAPPA receptors (causing more sedation)
-caution with patients using full opioid agonists--can also cause withdrawal
-Ex: Stadol & Nubain
, What are opioid antagonists? - ANSWER>>-bind to MU receptors but does NOT
stimulate production of endorphins*
-they block opioids from binding to receptors
-higher affinity
-Ex: Narcan & Reviva
If you give a patient increasing doses of a partial agonist--are they at risk of
overdose? - ANSWER>>-no because increased doses start to plateau right below
the respiratory depression threshold*
-no matter how much medication is given--the receptors can only be partially
activated*
-this is why these medications are safer to use*
-Ex: Subutex & Suboxone
Why is pain in children under assessed and under treated? - ANSWER>>-fear of
use in children
-inadequate knowledge
-children's inability to express pain
-belief that infants are not neurologically mature enough to process pain
Pain in children: - ANSWER>>-associated with anxiety, avoidance, somatic
symptoms, increased parent distress
-pain is a subjective multi-factorial experience
-use appropriate assessment tools, anticipate painful experiences and treat
appropriately, use multi-modal & multi-disciplinary approach*
Important clinical considerations when treating pain in the elderly? - ANSWER>>-
more likely to experience pain
-cognitive impairments & dementia can complicate effective communication of
pain
-elderly often dismiss pain as normal part of aging
-many drugs weren't tested in the elderly population*
2024-2026 LATEST UPDATE WITH VERIFIED
QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS GRADED A
What is an opioid? - ANSWER>>-used for pain relief
-binds to opioid receptors primarily in the CNS, spinal cord, GI tract
-binds primarily to MU receptors and to some extent the KAPPA receptors*
What are the 4 types of pain receptors? - ANSWER>>-MU
-KAPPA
-Delta
-Sigma
What does the binding to MU receptors cause? What drugs bind primarily to
these receptors? - ANSWER>>-Analgesia*
-Respiratory depression*
-Euphoria*
-Ex: morphine (Kadian), meperidine (Demerol), fentanyl (Sublimaze),
hydromorphone hydrochloride (Dilaudid) etc.
What does the binding to KAPPA receptors cause? What drugs bind primarily to
these receptors? - ANSWER>>-Analgesia*
-Sedation*
,-Ex: nalbuphine (Nubain) & butorphanol (Stadol)
What role do delta & sigma pain receptors play? - ANSWER>>-it is not exactly
known
-cause dysphoria & hallucinations*
Why do drugs that bind to primarily MU receptors also cause sedation? -
ANSWER>>-they also bind to KAPPA receptors to some extent--which causes
sedation*
Full opioid agonists: - ANSWER>>-bind to MU receptors in the brain
-produces endorphins which causes the euphoric feeling-which provides pain
relief
Partial opioid agonists: - ANSWER>>-bind to MU receptors in the brain partially
-antagonizes kappa receptors
-produces endorphins but less than a full agonist*
-these are harder to abuse*
-higher affinity than full agonist
-can trigger withdrawal if pt taking full agonists
Ex: buprenorphine (Subutex) or buprenorphine with naloxone (Suboxone)
Examples of strong opioid agonists: - ANSWER>>-morphine, heroin, methadone,
hydromorphone, oxymorphone, meperidine
Examples of moderate opioid agonists: - ANSWER>>-codeine, oxycodone,
hydrocodone, etc.
What are mixed opioid agonist-antagonists? - ANSWER>>-little to no action at the
MU receptors--so decreased risk of respiratory depression
-acts strongly at the KAPPA receptors (causing more sedation)
-caution with patients using full opioid agonists--can also cause withdrawal
-Ex: Stadol & Nubain
, What are opioid antagonists? - ANSWER>>-bind to MU receptors but does NOT
stimulate production of endorphins*
-they block opioids from binding to receptors
-higher affinity
-Ex: Narcan & Reviva
If you give a patient increasing doses of a partial agonist--are they at risk of
overdose? - ANSWER>>-no because increased doses start to plateau right below
the respiratory depression threshold*
-no matter how much medication is given--the receptors can only be partially
activated*
-this is why these medications are safer to use*
-Ex: Subutex & Suboxone
Why is pain in children under assessed and under treated? - ANSWER>>-fear of
use in children
-inadequate knowledge
-children's inability to express pain
-belief that infants are not neurologically mature enough to process pain
Pain in children: - ANSWER>>-associated with anxiety, avoidance, somatic
symptoms, increased parent distress
-pain is a subjective multi-factorial experience
-use appropriate assessment tools, anticipate painful experiences and treat
appropriately, use multi-modal & multi-disciplinary approach*
Important clinical considerations when treating pain in the elderly? - ANSWER>>-
more likely to experience pain
-cognitive impairments & dementia can complicate effective communication of
pain
-elderly often dismiss pain as normal part of aging
-many drugs weren't tested in the elderly population*
