PNB 2274- Exam 1 questions n
answers rated A+
Anatomy - correct answer ✔✔ Biological structure
Physiology - correct answer ✔✔ Cell, tissue, and organ function
Right/left orientation - correct answer ✔✔ Left or right sides of the body which is reversed if
you are looking at someone head on. Left shoulder is left compared to the right shoulder.
Inferior/Superior orientation - correct answer ✔✔ Superior is up and inferior is down
Rostral/Caudal - correct answer ✔✔ Rostral means to the head and caudal means toward the
tail
Anterior/Posterior or Ventral/Dorsal - correct answer ✔✔ Anterior is front and posterior is back
Medial/Lateral - correct answer ✔✔ Medial means toward midline and lateral is away from
midline
Proximal/Distal - correct answer ✔✔ Proximal is up on an appendage an and distal is down on
an appendage
Superficial/Deep - correct answer ✔✔ Superficial is toward the skin and deep is away from the
skin
,Lungs are what compared to shoulders? - correct answer ✔✔ Medial
The elbow is what compared to the hand? - correct answer ✔✔ Proximal
Anatomic planes - correct answer ✔✔ Coronal, transverse, midsagittal
Coronal (frontal) - correct answer ✔✔ Divides body into anterior (front) and posterior (back)
parts
Transverse (horizontal) - correct answer ✔✔ Divides body into superior (upper) and inferior
(lower) parts
Midsagittal (median) - correct answer ✔✔ Divides body into equal right and left halves
What plane is an x-ray of a head facing the side in? - correct answer ✔✔ Sagittal
What plane is an x-ray of a head from the top in? - correct answer ✔✔ Transverse
Homeostasis - correct answer ✔✔ A state and maintenance of balance in which internal
conditions vary within a narrow range
What conditions does homeostasis allow organisms to survive through? - correct answer ✔✔
Diverse environments
Homeostatic control systems definition - correct answer ✔✔ Mechanisms monitor the internal
environment and correct as needed
,Local control - correct answer ✔✔ Isolated change in a few cells or a tissue, response emerges
and acts locally
Reflex control - correct answer ✔✔ Long distance signaling typically involving endocrine
(hormonal) or neural responses
Homeostatic control system process major components - correct answer ✔✔ Input signal ->
integrating center -> output signal
Full response loop - correct answer ✔✔ Begins with stimulus -> sensor -> input signal ->
integration center -> output signal -> Target/effector -> Response and then goes back to
stimulus
Integrator function - correct answer ✔✔ Control center which possess a set point within a
normal range. Looks for error signal in input. It responds to correct error by targeting effector
and turn it on or off.
Fever - correct answer ✔✔ Thermostat in brain (hypothalamus) increases the set-point for core
body temperature
Acclimatization - correct answer ✔✔ Acclimating to environmental temperature, altitude, etc.
increases red blood cell count with integrator being the kidney which filters blood
Feedback - correct answer ✔✔ Output system is returned to its input in order to regulate its
further output
Negative feedback loops - correct answer ✔✔ Output of a system acts to oppose changes to the
input of the system to shut off original input. Helps maintain homeostasis. Most common type
of biological feedback loop.
, Insulin glucagon negative feedback - correct answer ✔✔ Insulin lowers blood glucose levels and
glucagon raises blood glucose levels
Positive feedback loops - correct answer ✔✔ Output of a system acts to increase changes to the
input of the system. Require outside factors to shut down the system. Not homeostatic as
response amplifies stimulus and sends organism further from set point. Produces more
instability in the body. Short-lived and rare. Example: uterine contractions during child birth and
lactation
What kind of feedback is blood clotting? - correct answer ✔✔ Positive feedback because
platelets begin to bind to the site of injury on exposed collagen fibers and release clotting
factors continuously that activate and attract even more platelets forming a clot which stops the
process.
Plasma membrane function and structure - correct answer ✔✔ Physical barrier, gateway for
exchange, communication, site of attachment to other cells and proteins. Has a phospholipid
bilayer which has hydrophilic heads on surfaces and a hydrophobic fatty acid side chain
Transcellular v. Paracellular path - correct answer ✔✔ Transcellular path through the cell and
paracellular path in between cells through tight junctions
Passive transport - correct answer ✔✔ Does not require energy. Materials spontaneously move
from a region of higher concentration to a region of lower concentration. Movement down a
concentration gradient. Called DIFFUSION.
Active transport - correct answer ✔✔ Requires energy input. Materials are actively moved to a
region of higher concentration from a region of lower concentration. Movement against or up a
concentration gradient.
Types of passive transport - correct answer ✔✔ Simple diffusion, osmosis, facilitated diffusion,
and bulk filtration
answers rated A+
Anatomy - correct answer ✔✔ Biological structure
Physiology - correct answer ✔✔ Cell, tissue, and organ function
Right/left orientation - correct answer ✔✔ Left or right sides of the body which is reversed if
you are looking at someone head on. Left shoulder is left compared to the right shoulder.
Inferior/Superior orientation - correct answer ✔✔ Superior is up and inferior is down
Rostral/Caudal - correct answer ✔✔ Rostral means to the head and caudal means toward the
tail
Anterior/Posterior or Ventral/Dorsal - correct answer ✔✔ Anterior is front and posterior is back
Medial/Lateral - correct answer ✔✔ Medial means toward midline and lateral is away from
midline
Proximal/Distal - correct answer ✔✔ Proximal is up on an appendage an and distal is down on
an appendage
Superficial/Deep - correct answer ✔✔ Superficial is toward the skin and deep is away from the
skin
,Lungs are what compared to shoulders? - correct answer ✔✔ Medial
The elbow is what compared to the hand? - correct answer ✔✔ Proximal
Anatomic planes - correct answer ✔✔ Coronal, transverse, midsagittal
Coronal (frontal) - correct answer ✔✔ Divides body into anterior (front) and posterior (back)
parts
Transverse (horizontal) - correct answer ✔✔ Divides body into superior (upper) and inferior
(lower) parts
Midsagittal (median) - correct answer ✔✔ Divides body into equal right and left halves
What plane is an x-ray of a head facing the side in? - correct answer ✔✔ Sagittal
What plane is an x-ray of a head from the top in? - correct answer ✔✔ Transverse
Homeostasis - correct answer ✔✔ A state and maintenance of balance in which internal
conditions vary within a narrow range
What conditions does homeostasis allow organisms to survive through? - correct answer ✔✔
Diverse environments
Homeostatic control systems definition - correct answer ✔✔ Mechanisms monitor the internal
environment and correct as needed
,Local control - correct answer ✔✔ Isolated change in a few cells or a tissue, response emerges
and acts locally
Reflex control - correct answer ✔✔ Long distance signaling typically involving endocrine
(hormonal) or neural responses
Homeostatic control system process major components - correct answer ✔✔ Input signal ->
integrating center -> output signal
Full response loop - correct answer ✔✔ Begins with stimulus -> sensor -> input signal ->
integration center -> output signal -> Target/effector -> Response and then goes back to
stimulus
Integrator function - correct answer ✔✔ Control center which possess a set point within a
normal range. Looks for error signal in input. It responds to correct error by targeting effector
and turn it on or off.
Fever - correct answer ✔✔ Thermostat in brain (hypothalamus) increases the set-point for core
body temperature
Acclimatization - correct answer ✔✔ Acclimating to environmental temperature, altitude, etc.
increases red blood cell count with integrator being the kidney which filters blood
Feedback - correct answer ✔✔ Output system is returned to its input in order to regulate its
further output
Negative feedback loops - correct answer ✔✔ Output of a system acts to oppose changes to the
input of the system to shut off original input. Helps maintain homeostasis. Most common type
of biological feedback loop.
, Insulin glucagon negative feedback - correct answer ✔✔ Insulin lowers blood glucose levels and
glucagon raises blood glucose levels
Positive feedback loops - correct answer ✔✔ Output of a system acts to increase changes to the
input of the system. Require outside factors to shut down the system. Not homeostatic as
response amplifies stimulus and sends organism further from set point. Produces more
instability in the body. Short-lived and rare. Example: uterine contractions during child birth and
lactation
What kind of feedback is blood clotting? - correct answer ✔✔ Positive feedback because
platelets begin to bind to the site of injury on exposed collagen fibers and release clotting
factors continuously that activate and attract even more platelets forming a clot which stops the
process.
Plasma membrane function and structure - correct answer ✔✔ Physical barrier, gateway for
exchange, communication, site of attachment to other cells and proteins. Has a phospholipid
bilayer which has hydrophilic heads on surfaces and a hydrophobic fatty acid side chain
Transcellular v. Paracellular path - correct answer ✔✔ Transcellular path through the cell and
paracellular path in between cells through tight junctions
Passive transport - correct answer ✔✔ Does not require energy. Materials spontaneously move
from a region of higher concentration to a region of lower concentration. Movement down a
concentration gradient. Called DIFFUSION.
Active transport - correct answer ✔✔ Requires energy input. Materials are actively moved to a
region of higher concentration from a region of lower concentration. Movement against or up a
concentration gradient.
Types of passive transport - correct answer ✔✔ Simple diffusion, osmosis, facilitated diffusion,
and bulk filtration
