,Solution Manual & Test Bank for Advanced
Accounting, 7th Edition by Debra C. Jeter
CHAPTER 1
ANSWERS TO QUESTIONS
1. Internal expansion involves a normal increase in business resulting from increased demand for products
and services, achieved without acquisition of preexisting firms. Some companies expand internally by
undertaking new product research to expand their total market, or by attempting to obtain a greater
share of a given market through advertising and other promotional activities. Marketing can also be
expanded into new geographical areas.
External expansion is the bringing together of two or more firms under common control by acquisition.
Referred to as business combinations, these combined operations may be integrated, or each firm may
be left to operate intact.
2. Four advantages of business combinations as compared to internal expansion are:
(1) Management is provided with an established operating unit with its own experienced personnel,
regular suppliers, productive facilities and distribution channels.
(2) Expanding by combination does not create new competition.
(3) Permits rapid diversification into new markets.
(4) Income tax benefits.
3. The primary legal constraint on business combinations is that of possible antitrust suits. The United
States government is opposed to the concentration of economic power that may result from business
combinations and has enacted two federal statutes, the Sherman Act and the Clayton Act to deal with
antitrust problems.
4. (1) A horizontal combination involves companies within the same industry that have previously
been competitors.
(2) Vertical combinations involve a company and its suppliers and/or customers.
(3) Conglomerate combinations involve companies in unrelated industries having little production
or market similarities.
5. A statutory merger results when one company acquires all of the net assets of one or more other
companies through an exchange of stock, payment of cash or property, or the issue of debt instruments.
The acquiring company remains as the only legal entity, and the acquired company ceases to exist or
remains as a separate division of the acquiring company.
A statutory consolidation results when a new corporation is formed to acquire two or more corporations,
through an exchange of voting stock, with the acquired corporations ceasing to exist as separate legal
entities.
A stock acquisition occurs when one corporation issues stock or debt or pays cash for all or part of the
voting stock of another company. The stock may be acquired through market purchases or through
direct purchase from or exchange with individual stockholders of the investee or subsidiary company.
6. A tender offer is an open offer to purchase up to a stated number of shares of a given corporation at a
stipulated price per share. The offering price is generally set above the current market price of the
shares to offer an additional incentive to the prospective sellers.
1-1
,7. A stock exchange ratio is generally expressed as the number of shares of the acquiring company that
are to be exchanged for each share of the acquired company.
1-2
,8. Defensive tactics include:
(1) Poison pill – when stock rights are issued to existing stockholders that enable them to purchase
additional shares at a price below market value, but exercisable only in the event of a potential takeover.
This tactic is effective in some cases.
(2) Greenmail – when the shares held by a would-be acquiring firm are purchased at an amount
substantially in excess of their fair value. The shares are then usually held in treasury. This tactic is
generally ineffective.
(3) White knight or white squire – when a third firm more acceptable to the target company
management is encouraged to acquire or merge with the target firm.
(4) Pac-man defense – when the target firm attempts an unfriendly takeover of the would-be acquiring
company.
(5) Selling the crown jewels – when the target firms sells valuable assets to others to make the firm less
attractive to an acquirer.
9. In an asset acquisition, the firm must acquire 100% of the assets of the other firm, while in a stock
acquisition, a firm may gain control by purchasing 50% or more of the voting stock. Also, in a stock
acquisition, formal negotiations with the target’s management can sometimes be avoided. Further, in a
stock acquisition, there might be advantages in keeping the firms as separate legal entities such as for
tax purposes.
10. Does the merger increase or decrease expected earnings performance of the acquiring institution?
From a financial and shareholder perspective, the price paid for a firm is hard to justify if earnings per
share declines. When this happens, the acquisition is considered dilutive. Conversely, if the earnings
per share increases as a result of the acquisition, it is referred to as an accretive acquisition.
11. Under the parent company concept, the writeup or writedown of the net assets of the subsidiary in
the consolidated financial statements is restricted to the amount by which the cost of the investment
is more or less than the book value of the net assets acquired. Noncontrolling interest in net assets is
unaffected by such writeups or writedowns.
The economic unit concept supports the writeup or writedown of the net assets of the subsidiary by
an amount equal to the entire difference between the fair value and the book value of the net assets
on the date of acquisition. In this case, noncontrolling interest in consolidated net assets is adjusted
for its share of the writeup or writedown of the net assets of the subsidiary.
12. a) Under the parent company concept, noncontrolling interest is considered a liability of the
consolidated entity whereas under the economic unit concept, noncontrolling interest is
considered a separate equity interest in consolidated net assets.
b) The parent company concept supports partial elimination of intercompany profit whereas the
economic unit concept supports 100 percent elimination of intercompany profit.
c) The parent company concept supports valuation of subsidiary net assets in the consolidated
financial statements at book value plus an amount equal to the parent company’s percentage
interest in the difference between fair value and book value. The economic unit concept supports
valuation of subsidiary net assets in the consolidated financial statements at their fair value on the
date of acquisition without regard to the parent company’s percentage ownership interest.
d) Under the parent company concept, consolidated net income measures the interest of the
shareholders of the parent company in the operating results of the consolidated entity. Under the
1-3
, economic unit concept, consolidated net income measures the operating results of the
consolidated entity which is then allocated between the controlling and noncontrolling interests.
13. The implied fair value based on the price may not be relevant or reliable since the price paid is a
negotiated price which may be impacted by considerations other than or in addition to the fair value
of the net assets of the acquired company. There may be practical difficulties in determining the fair
value of the consideration given and in allocating the total implied fair value to specific assets and
liabilities.
In the case of a less than wholly owned company, valuation of net assets at implied fair value
violates the cost principle of conventional accounting and results in the reporting of subsidiary
assets and liabilities using a different valuation procedure than that used to report the assets and
liabilities of the parent company.
14. The economic entity is more consistent with the principles addressed in the FASB’s conceptual
framework. It is an integral part of the FASB’s conceptual framework and is named specifically in
SFAC No. 5 as one of the basic assumptions in accounting. The economic entity assumption views
economic activity as being related to a particular unit of accountability, and the standard indicates
that a parent and its subsidiaries represent one economic entity even though they may include several
legal entities.
15. The FASB’s conceptual framework provides the guidance for new standards. The quality of
comparability was very much at stake in FASB’s decision in 2001 to eliminate the pooling of interests
method for business combinations. This method was also argued to violate the historical cost
principle as it essentially ignored the value of the consideration (stock) issued for the acquisition of
another company.
The issue of consistency plays a role in the recent proposal to shift from the parent concept to the
economic entity concept, as the former method valued a portion (the noncontrolling interest) of a
given asset at prior book values and another portion (the controlling interest) of that same asset at
exchange-date market value.
16. Comprehensive income is a broader concept, and it includes some gains and losses explicitly stated
by FASB to bypass earnings. The examples of such gains that bypass earnings are some changes in
market values of investments, some foreign currency translation adjustments and certain gains and
losses, related to minimum pension liability.
In the absence of gains or losses designated to bypass earnings, earnings and comprehensive income
are the same.
1-4
,ANSWERS TO BUSINESS ETHICS CASE
1. The third item will lead to the reduction of net income of the acquired company before
acquisition, and will increase the reported net income of the combined company subsequent to
acquisition. The accelerated payment of liabilities should not have an effect on net income in
current or future years, nor should the delaying of the collection of revenues (assuming those
revenues have already been recorded).
2. The first two items will decrease cash from operations prior to acquisition and will increase cash
from operations subsequent to acquisition. The third item will not affect cash from operations.
3. As the manager of the acquired company I would want to make it clear that my future
performance (if I stay on with the consolidated company) should not be evaluated based upon a
future decline that is perceived rather than real. Further, I would express a concern that
shareholders and other users might view such accounting maneuvers as sketchy.
4.
a) Earnings manipulation may be regarded as unethical behavior regardless of which side of
the acquirer/acquiree equation you’re on. The benefits that you stand to reap may differ,
and thus your potential liability may vary. But the ethics are essentially the same.
Ultimately the company may be one unified whole as well, and the users that are affected
by any kind of distorted information may view any participant in an unsavory light.
b) See answer to (a).
1-5
,ANSWERS TO ANALYZING FINANCIAL STATEMENTS
AFS1-1 Kraft and Cadbury PLC
(1) Discuss some of the factors that should be considered in analyzing the impact of this merger on the
income statement for the next few years.
Factors to consider would include items such as a) cost savings b) increasing global presence and
increased revenue (from increased market share) c) gaining access to emerging markets, d) geographical
and cultural differences between the two companies. Companies generally project EPS for a few years
following the merger, and compare these proforma calculations to the EPS prior to the merger. If the EPS
increases, the merger is viewed as accretive. If not, it is dilutive. If costs can be eliminated due to
redundancies, this helps move toward an accretive EPS. These costs may be related to personnel,
computer systems, advertising, etc. However, the impact on the attitudes and incentives of the remaining
personnel is not always easy to predict or to quantify. Synergies, in contrast, may serve to boost EPS and
create an even more positive environment going forward than anticipated.
(2) Discuss the pros and cons that Kraft might have weighed in choosing the medium of exchange to
consummate the acquisition. Do you think they made the right decision? If possible, use figures to
support your answer.
The use of each to consummate a merger represents an opportunity cost, in that the cash obviously cannot
be used elsewhere. A company needs to weigh the alternative uses available at a given point in time. The
use of stock increases the denominator of the EPS calculation thus diluting the earnings for a the existing
shareholders. This is not necessarily a poor choice, though, as long as the increase in the numerator
justifies the impact on the denominator. The current stock price of the two companies determines the
exchange ratio, and most companies are more comfortable using stock when its value is high because it
takes fewer shares to reach a specified acquisition price. This view is not entirely sound, however, as the
price of the target may be inflated also when the market prices are generally higher. The use of debt to
consummate a merger is associated with increased interest costs; hence, debt is generally a wiser choice
when interest rates are low.
(3) In addition to the factors mentioned above, there are sometimes factors that cannot be quantified that
enter into acquisition decisions. What do you suppose these might be in the case of Kraft's merger with
Cadbury?
One issue to consider is the cultural differences between the two companies. If one company has a
management style while the other is predominantly , the merger can create morale
problems for individuals accustomed to being evaluated and treated in a different fashion.
(4) This acquisition is complicated by the lack of consistency between the two companies' methods of
accounting and currency. Discuss the impact that these issues are likely to have on the merged company
in the years following the acquisition.
Differences in methods, such as depreciation, approaches to estimated bad debts and other reserves,
inventory valuation, etc. can lead to headaches and soaring costs following a merger. Translating
currency into uniform denomination, whether dollars or euros, leads to translation gains or losses, which
impact either earnings or other comprehensive income and more headaches.
1-6
,AFS1-2 Kraft and Cadbury PLC
A. Cadbury’s Performance
Cadbury ROE
2009 14.5%
2008 10.3%
2007 9.7%
ROA Leverage
2009 6.3% 2009 2.308
2008 4.1% 2008 2.517
2007 3.6% 2007 2.717
Profit Margin Asset Turnover Asset/MV MV/BV
2009 8.5% 2009 0.735 2009 0.663 2009 3.483
2008 6.8% 2008 0.605 2008 1.079 2008 2.332
2007 8.6% 2007 0.414 2007 1.183 2007 2.296
Profit Margin (PM%) Asset turnover
2009 8.5% 2009 0.735
2008 6.8% 2008 0.605
2007 8.6% 2007 0.414
NI/CFO CFO/Sales Sales/WC WC/Assets
2009 0.973 2009 8.8% 2009 (19.337) 2009 -3.8%
2008 0.776 2008 8.7% 2008 (7.150) 2008 -8.5%
2007 0.499 2007 17.3% 2007 (2.333) 2007 -17.8%
1-7
,AFS1-1 (continued)
Part A
Computations
ROE Net Income Equity ROE ROA Net Income Assets ROA
2009 509 3,522 14.5% 2009 509 8,129 6.3%
2008 364 3,534 10.3% 2008 364 8,895 4.1%
2007 405 4,173 9.7% 2007 405 11,338 3.6%
PM% Net Income Sales PM% Asset Turn. Sales Assets Asset Turn.
2009 509 5,975 8.5% 2009 5,975 8,129 0.735
2008 364 5,384 6.8% 2008 5,384 8,895 0.605
2007 405 4,699 8.6% 2007 4,699 11,338 0.414
NI/CFO Net Income CFO NI/CFO CFO/Sales CFO Sales CFO/Sales
2009 509 523 0.973 2009 523 5,975 8.8%
2008 364 469 0.776 2008 469 5,384 8.7%
2007 405 812 0.499 2007 812 4,699 17.3%
Sales/WC Sales WC Sales/WC WC/Assets WC Assets WC/Assets
2009 5,975 (309) (19.337) 2009 (309) 8,129 -3.8%
2008 5,384 (753) (7.150) 2008 (753) 8,895 -8.5%
2007 4,699 (2,014) (2.333) 2007 (2,014) 11,338 -17.8%
leverage Assets Equity Asset/equity
2009 8,129 3,522 2.308
2008 8,895 3,534 2.517
2007 11,338 4,173 2.717
Assets/MV Assets MV Asset/MV MV/Equity MV Equity MV/equity
2009 8,129 12,266 0.663 2009 12,266 3,522 3.483
2008 8,895 8,241 1.079 2008 8,241 3,534 2.332
2007 11,338 9,581 1.183 2007 9,581 4,173 2.296
Discussion
1-8
, AFS1-1 (continued)
Part A
The trend in Cadbury’s performance from 2007 to 2009 is very strong. The profitability ratios all increases. ROE increased from 9.7% to
14.5%, while ROA increased from 3.6% to 6.3%. The profit margin decreased slightly in 2008 but was still strong at 6.8%. The gross margins
(not shown) remained fairly constant over the three years averaging around 46%. Cadbury generated more than 8% cash from operation (CFO)
in each year. The leverage ratio decreased and the market value to book value ratio increased every year to 3.483 in 2009 (indicating good
growth potential). The asset turnover ratio (sales to assets) increased in every year, primarily from increased revenues and decreasing assets.
Working capital was negative in every year but also has been improving as Cadbury has been reducing the amount of current liabilities over
time.
2007 2008 2009
Gross margin percentages 46.7% 46.7% 46.3%
1-9
Accounting, 7th Edition by Debra C. Jeter
CHAPTER 1
ANSWERS TO QUESTIONS
1. Internal expansion involves a normal increase in business resulting from increased demand for products
and services, achieved without acquisition of preexisting firms. Some companies expand internally by
undertaking new product research to expand their total market, or by attempting to obtain a greater
share of a given market through advertising and other promotional activities. Marketing can also be
expanded into new geographical areas.
External expansion is the bringing together of two or more firms under common control by acquisition.
Referred to as business combinations, these combined operations may be integrated, or each firm may
be left to operate intact.
2. Four advantages of business combinations as compared to internal expansion are:
(1) Management is provided with an established operating unit with its own experienced personnel,
regular suppliers, productive facilities and distribution channels.
(2) Expanding by combination does not create new competition.
(3) Permits rapid diversification into new markets.
(4) Income tax benefits.
3. The primary legal constraint on business combinations is that of possible antitrust suits. The United
States government is opposed to the concentration of economic power that may result from business
combinations and has enacted two federal statutes, the Sherman Act and the Clayton Act to deal with
antitrust problems.
4. (1) A horizontal combination involves companies within the same industry that have previously
been competitors.
(2) Vertical combinations involve a company and its suppliers and/or customers.
(3) Conglomerate combinations involve companies in unrelated industries having little production
or market similarities.
5. A statutory merger results when one company acquires all of the net assets of one or more other
companies through an exchange of stock, payment of cash or property, or the issue of debt instruments.
The acquiring company remains as the only legal entity, and the acquired company ceases to exist or
remains as a separate division of the acquiring company.
A statutory consolidation results when a new corporation is formed to acquire two or more corporations,
through an exchange of voting stock, with the acquired corporations ceasing to exist as separate legal
entities.
A stock acquisition occurs when one corporation issues stock or debt or pays cash for all or part of the
voting stock of another company. The stock may be acquired through market purchases or through
direct purchase from or exchange with individual stockholders of the investee or subsidiary company.
6. A tender offer is an open offer to purchase up to a stated number of shares of a given corporation at a
stipulated price per share. The offering price is generally set above the current market price of the
shares to offer an additional incentive to the prospective sellers.
1-1
,7. A stock exchange ratio is generally expressed as the number of shares of the acquiring company that
are to be exchanged for each share of the acquired company.
1-2
,8. Defensive tactics include:
(1) Poison pill – when stock rights are issued to existing stockholders that enable them to purchase
additional shares at a price below market value, but exercisable only in the event of a potential takeover.
This tactic is effective in some cases.
(2) Greenmail – when the shares held by a would-be acquiring firm are purchased at an amount
substantially in excess of their fair value. The shares are then usually held in treasury. This tactic is
generally ineffective.
(3) White knight or white squire – when a third firm more acceptable to the target company
management is encouraged to acquire or merge with the target firm.
(4) Pac-man defense – when the target firm attempts an unfriendly takeover of the would-be acquiring
company.
(5) Selling the crown jewels – when the target firms sells valuable assets to others to make the firm less
attractive to an acquirer.
9. In an asset acquisition, the firm must acquire 100% of the assets of the other firm, while in a stock
acquisition, a firm may gain control by purchasing 50% or more of the voting stock. Also, in a stock
acquisition, formal negotiations with the target’s management can sometimes be avoided. Further, in a
stock acquisition, there might be advantages in keeping the firms as separate legal entities such as for
tax purposes.
10. Does the merger increase or decrease expected earnings performance of the acquiring institution?
From a financial and shareholder perspective, the price paid for a firm is hard to justify if earnings per
share declines. When this happens, the acquisition is considered dilutive. Conversely, if the earnings
per share increases as a result of the acquisition, it is referred to as an accretive acquisition.
11. Under the parent company concept, the writeup or writedown of the net assets of the subsidiary in
the consolidated financial statements is restricted to the amount by which the cost of the investment
is more or less than the book value of the net assets acquired. Noncontrolling interest in net assets is
unaffected by such writeups or writedowns.
The economic unit concept supports the writeup or writedown of the net assets of the subsidiary by
an amount equal to the entire difference between the fair value and the book value of the net assets
on the date of acquisition. In this case, noncontrolling interest in consolidated net assets is adjusted
for its share of the writeup or writedown of the net assets of the subsidiary.
12. a) Under the parent company concept, noncontrolling interest is considered a liability of the
consolidated entity whereas under the economic unit concept, noncontrolling interest is
considered a separate equity interest in consolidated net assets.
b) The parent company concept supports partial elimination of intercompany profit whereas the
economic unit concept supports 100 percent elimination of intercompany profit.
c) The parent company concept supports valuation of subsidiary net assets in the consolidated
financial statements at book value plus an amount equal to the parent company’s percentage
interest in the difference between fair value and book value. The economic unit concept supports
valuation of subsidiary net assets in the consolidated financial statements at their fair value on the
date of acquisition without regard to the parent company’s percentage ownership interest.
d) Under the parent company concept, consolidated net income measures the interest of the
shareholders of the parent company in the operating results of the consolidated entity. Under the
1-3
, economic unit concept, consolidated net income measures the operating results of the
consolidated entity which is then allocated between the controlling and noncontrolling interests.
13. The implied fair value based on the price may not be relevant or reliable since the price paid is a
negotiated price which may be impacted by considerations other than or in addition to the fair value
of the net assets of the acquired company. There may be practical difficulties in determining the fair
value of the consideration given and in allocating the total implied fair value to specific assets and
liabilities.
In the case of a less than wholly owned company, valuation of net assets at implied fair value
violates the cost principle of conventional accounting and results in the reporting of subsidiary
assets and liabilities using a different valuation procedure than that used to report the assets and
liabilities of the parent company.
14. The economic entity is more consistent with the principles addressed in the FASB’s conceptual
framework. It is an integral part of the FASB’s conceptual framework and is named specifically in
SFAC No. 5 as one of the basic assumptions in accounting. The economic entity assumption views
economic activity as being related to a particular unit of accountability, and the standard indicates
that a parent and its subsidiaries represent one economic entity even though they may include several
legal entities.
15. The FASB’s conceptual framework provides the guidance for new standards. The quality of
comparability was very much at stake in FASB’s decision in 2001 to eliminate the pooling of interests
method for business combinations. This method was also argued to violate the historical cost
principle as it essentially ignored the value of the consideration (stock) issued for the acquisition of
another company.
The issue of consistency plays a role in the recent proposal to shift from the parent concept to the
economic entity concept, as the former method valued a portion (the noncontrolling interest) of a
given asset at prior book values and another portion (the controlling interest) of that same asset at
exchange-date market value.
16. Comprehensive income is a broader concept, and it includes some gains and losses explicitly stated
by FASB to bypass earnings. The examples of such gains that bypass earnings are some changes in
market values of investments, some foreign currency translation adjustments and certain gains and
losses, related to minimum pension liability.
In the absence of gains or losses designated to bypass earnings, earnings and comprehensive income
are the same.
1-4
,ANSWERS TO BUSINESS ETHICS CASE
1. The third item will lead to the reduction of net income of the acquired company before
acquisition, and will increase the reported net income of the combined company subsequent to
acquisition. The accelerated payment of liabilities should not have an effect on net income in
current or future years, nor should the delaying of the collection of revenues (assuming those
revenues have already been recorded).
2. The first two items will decrease cash from operations prior to acquisition and will increase cash
from operations subsequent to acquisition. The third item will not affect cash from operations.
3. As the manager of the acquired company I would want to make it clear that my future
performance (if I stay on with the consolidated company) should not be evaluated based upon a
future decline that is perceived rather than real. Further, I would express a concern that
shareholders and other users might view such accounting maneuvers as sketchy.
4.
a) Earnings manipulation may be regarded as unethical behavior regardless of which side of
the acquirer/acquiree equation you’re on. The benefits that you stand to reap may differ,
and thus your potential liability may vary. But the ethics are essentially the same.
Ultimately the company may be one unified whole as well, and the users that are affected
by any kind of distorted information may view any participant in an unsavory light.
b) See answer to (a).
1-5
,ANSWERS TO ANALYZING FINANCIAL STATEMENTS
AFS1-1 Kraft and Cadbury PLC
(1) Discuss some of the factors that should be considered in analyzing the impact of this merger on the
income statement for the next few years.
Factors to consider would include items such as a) cost savings b) increasing global presence and
increased revenue (from increased market share) c) gaining access to emerging markets, d) geographical
and cultural differences between the two companies. Companies generally project EPS for a few years
following the merger, and compare these proforma calculations to the EPS prior to the merger. If the EPS
increases, the merger is viewed as accretive. If not, it is dilutive. If costs can be eliminated due to
redundancies, this helps move toward an accretive EPS. These costs may be related to personnel,
computer systems, advertising, etc. However, the impact on the attitudes and incentives of the remaining
personnel is not always easy to predict or to quantify. Synergies, in contrast, may serve to boost EPS and
create an even more positive environment going forward than anticipated.
(2) Discuss the pros and cons that Kraft might have weighed in choosing the medium of exchange to
consummate the acquisition. Do you think they made the right decision? If possible, use figures to
support your answer.
The use of each to consummate a merger represents an opportunity cost, in that the cash obviously cannot
be used elsewhere. A company needs to weigh the alternative uses available at a given point in time. The
use of stock increases the denominator of the EPS calculation thus diluting the earnings for a the existing
shareholders. This is not necessarily a poor choice, though, as long as the increase in the numerator
justifies the impact on the denominator. The current stock price of the two companies determines the
exchange ratio, and most companies are more comfortable using stock when its value is high because it
takes fewer shares to reach a specified acquisition price. This view is not entirely sound, however, as the
price of the target may be inflated also when the market prices are generally higher. The use of debt to
consummate a merger is associated with increased interest costs; hence, debt is generally a wiser choice
when interest rates are low.
(3) In addition to the factors mentioned above, there are sometimes factors that cannot be quantified that
enter into acquisition decisions. What do you suppose these might be in the case of Kraft's merger with
Cadbury?
One issue to consider is the cultural differences between the two companies. If one company has a
management style while the other is predominantly , the merger can create morale
problems for individuals accustomed to being evaluated and treated in a different fashion.
(4) This acquisition is complicated by the lack of consistency between the two companies' methods of
accounting and currency. Discuss the impact that these issues are likely to have on the merged company
in the years following the acquisition.
Differences in methods, such as depreciation, approaches to estimated bad debts and other reserves,
inventory valuation, etc. can lead to headaches and soaring costs following a merger. Translating
currency into uniform denomination, whether dollars or euros, leads to translation gains or losses, which
impact either earnings or other comprehensive income and more headaches.
1-6
,AFS1-2 Kraft and Cadbury PLC
A. Cadbury’s Performance
Cadbury ROE
2009 14.5%
2008 10.3%
2007 9.7%
ROA Leverage
2009 6.3% 2009 2.308
2008 4.1% 2008 2.517
2007 3.6% 2007 2.717
Profit Margin Asset Turnover Asset/MV MV/BV
2009 8.5% 2009 0.735 2009 0.663 2009 3.483
2008 6.8% 2008 0.605 2008 1.079 2008 2.332
2007 8.6% 2007 0.414 2007 1.183 2007 2.296
Profit Margin (PM%) Asset turnover
2009 8.5% 2009 0.735
2008 6.8% 2008 0.605
2007 8.6% 2007 0.414
NI/CFO CFO/Sales Sales/WC WC/Assets
2009 0.973 2009 8.8% 2009 (19.337) 2009 -3.8%
2008 0.776 2008 8.7% 2008 (7.150) 2008 -8.5%
2007 0.499 2007 17.3% 2007 (2.333) 2007 -17.8%
1-7
,AFS1-1 (continued)
Part A
Computations
ROE Net Income Equity ROE ROA Net Income Assets ROA
2009 509 3,522 14.5% 2009 509 8,129 6.3%
2008 364 3,534 10.3% 2008 364 8,895 4.1%
2007 405 4,173 9.7% 2007 405 11,338 3.6%
PM% Net Income Sales PM% Asset Turn. Sales Assets Asset Turn.
2009 509 5,975 8.5% 2009 5,975 8,129 0.735
2008 364 5,384 6.8% 2008 5,384 8,895 0.605
2007 405 4,699 8.6% 2007 4,699 11,338 0.414
NI/CFO Net Income CFO NI/CFO CFO/Sales CFO Sales CFO/Sales
2009 509 523 0.973 2009 523 5,975 8.8%
2008 364 469 0.776 2008 469 5,384 8.7%
2007 405 812 0.499 2007 812 4,699 17.3%
Sales/WC Sales WC Sales/WC WC/Assets WC Assets WC/Assets
2009 5,975 (309) (19.337) 2009 (309) 8,129 -3.8%
2008 5,384 (753) (7.150) 2008 (753) 8,895 -8.5%
2007 4,699 (2,014) (2.333) 2007 (2,014) 11,338 -17.8%
leverage Assets Equity Asset/equity
2009 8,129 3,522 2.308
2008 8,895 3,534 2.517
2007 11,338 4,173 2.717
Assets/MV Assets MV Asset/MV MV/Equity MV Equity MV/equity
2009 8,129 12,266 0.663 2009 12,266 3,522 3.483
2008 8,895 8,241 1.079 2008 8,241 3,534 2.332
2007 11,338 9,581 1.183 2007 9,581 4,173 2.296
Discussion
1-8
, AFS1-1 (continued)
Part A
The trend in Cadbury’s performance from 2007 to 2009 is very strong. The profitability ratios all increases. ROE increased from 9.7% to
14.5%, while ROA increased from 3.6% to 6.3%. The profit margin decreased slightly in 2008 but was still strong at 6.8%. The gross margins
(not shown) remained fairly constant over the three years averaging around 46%. Cadbury generated more than 8% cash from operation (CFO)
in each year. The leverage ratio decreased and the market value to book value ratio increased every year to 3.483 in 2009 (indicating good
growth potential). The asset turnover ratio (sales to assets) increased in every year, primarily from increased revenues and decreasing assets.
Working capital was negative in every year but also has been improving as Cadbury has been reducing the amount of current liabilities over
time.
2007 2008 2009
Gross margin percentages 46.7% 46.7% 46.3%
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