MCB63X Principles of Biochemistry
A carbon has its electrons stably disbursed into an sp orbital and two pi orbitals. How many
distinct atoms does it likely bond to? - ANS-2
A carbon has its electrons stably disbursed into sp2 orbitals and one pi orbital. How many
distinct atoms does it possibly bond to? - ANS-3
A carbon has its electrons stably disbursed into sp3 orbitals. How many specific atoms does it
likely bond to? - ANS-four
A ketone reacted with an alcohol yields - ANS-hemiketal
A response is at equilibrium when? - ANS-there may be no internet exchange in the awareness
of the reactants (forward and reverse response charges are identical).
A response is spontaneous if... - ANS-the product has decrease loose strength than the
substrate.
A redox reaction has a fantastic ΔE. What does this say approximately the reaction? - ANS-It is
exogonic and spontaneous.
An aldehyde reacted with an alcohol yields - ANS-hemiacetal
An enzyme will increase the rate of a reaction through stabilizing the... - ANS-Transition
kingdom
Assume that 12 molecules of ribose 5-phosphate input the non-oxidative section of the pentose
phosphate pathway. How many molecules of fructose 6-phosphate will be generated? - ANS-10
At equilibrium what's ∆G? - ANS-0
Both liver and muscle cells respond to (hormone) - ANS-insulin
examine and comparison the nucleation condensation and the diffusion collision models of the
kinetics of protein folding. - ANS-In nucleation condensation, the protein core collapses, bringing
sidechains closer together to interact and form the final shape. In diffusion collision, the
secondary structure bureaucracy first, and then they interact to form tertiary structure.
Describe ATP synthase subunits and shape - ANS-(observe the image)
,Describe aggressive inhibition - ANS-Inhibitor competes for identical spot at the enzyme with
the substrate.
Increases $K_m$ but does not anything to $V_max$.
Describe non-aggressive inhibition - ANS-A unique case of combined-inhibition in which the
inhibitor has identical affinity for the enzyme and enzyme-substrate complex.
Decreases $V_max$.
Describe PFK2? - ANS-Phosphofructose kinase 2 converts fructose-6-phosphate into
fructose-2,6-bisphosphate. It has each a kinase area and a phosphatase domain. In component,
PFK2 pastime is modulated via blood glucose stages (low blood glucose turns on the
phosphatase area of PFK1, thereby lowering the fructose-2,6-bisphosphate, ultimately lowering
PFK1 hobby and glycolysis).
Describe pyruvate dehydrogenase (PDH complicated) - ANS-Catalyzes conversion of pyruvate
to acetyl-CoA, lowering NAD+ and freeing CO₂. It is regulated through the power country of the
cell and could be activated while there isn't always that lots ATP, and inhibited when there is too
much ATP
Describe the distinction among the lock and key model of enzyme specificity vs the brought
about fit version - ANS-In Emil Fisher's 'lock-and-key' model of enzyme specificity, the enzyme
binds tightly and precisely to the substrate.
In the cutting-edge 'triggered healthy' model, the enzyme binds weakly to the substrate and then
changes conformation and binds tightly to the transition country.
Describe the difference between the T and R states of hemoglobin. - ANS-In the R country,
hemoglobin has a high affinity for oxygen, whilst within the T state, hemoglobin has a low affinity
for oxygen.
Describe the expression of glucose-6-phosphatase in various organs? - ANS-Kidney and liver
cells explicit glucose 6-phosphatase to finish gluconeogenesis.
Muscle and brain cells do no longer specific glucose 6-phosphatase, and consequently retain
glucose-6-phosphate for glycolysis.
Describe the unfastened strength related to oxidative phosphorylation - ANS-The exergonic
switch of electrons powers the switch of protons into the intermembrane space. The protons
float down their attention gradient to strength the endergonic synthesis of ATP.
Describe the function of complexes I and II in the ETC? - ANS-To switch electrons from
well-known electron acceptors to coenzyme Q (ubiquinone).
, Describe the general procedure of de novo purine synthesis? - ANS-PPRP is made. Then the
nitrogenous base is build immediately atop of this molecule. This consequences within the
advent of IMP.
IMP can then be changed into adenylosuccinate or Xanthine monophosphate (XMP).
Adenylosuccinate is then changed into AMP
XMP is became GMP.
ATP is needed for the formation of GMP
GTP is needed for the formation of AMP
Describe the general technique of de novo pyrimidine synthesis? - ANS-The pyrimidine ring is
first assembled and attached to ribose-5-phosphate given by means of PRPP.
Final product is UMP, which is then turned into UTP, which may be transformed into CTP
Describe the L isoform of hexokinase at high glucose ranges. - ANS-At excessive glucose
levels, the L isoform (also known as glucokinase) is not inhibited by means of
glucose-6-phosphate, and considering the fact that there may be tons of glucose, the liver is
able to take it all despite glucokinase having a low Km.
Describe the M isoform of hexokinase at excessive glucose tiers. - ANS-At excessive glucose
levels, there might be a lot ATP produced by using cells, thereby inhibiting PFK1 and created a
backlog of glucose-6-phosphate and fructose-6-phosphate. These molecules, in turn, inhibit
M-hexokinase, allowing much less glucose uptake into cells and greater glucose inside the
bloodstream for intake via the liver which ambitions to convert the glucose into glycogen and
stuff.
Describe uncompetitive inhibition - ANS-Inhibitor binds to enzyme substrate complex, thereby
disabling it.
Decreases $V_max$ and $K_m$ (inside the presence of inhibitor, the enzyme has a higher
affinity for the substrate)
Do peptide bonds decide on the cis configuration or trans configuration? - ANS-Trans, except
for proline
Does glucose-6-phosphate/fructose-6-phosphate accumulate inside the liver? - ANS-No,
because they may be constantly being shuttled to make glycogen and fatty acids.
Each cycle of beta oxidation yields? - ANS-1 NADH and 1FADH₂
Formula for exchange in Gibbs unfastened power - ANS-∆G = ∆H - T∆S
A carbon has its electrons stably disbursed into an sp orbital and two pi orbitals. How many
distinct atoms does it likely bond to? - ANS-2
A carbon has its electrons stably disbursed into sp2 orbitals and one pi orbital. How many
distinct atoms does it possibly bond to? - ANS-3
A carbon has its electrons stably disbursed into sp3 orbitals. How many specific atoms does it
likely bond to? - ANS-four
A ketone reacted with an alcohol yields - ANS-hemiketal
A response is at equilibrium when? - ANS-there may be no internet exchange in the awareness
of the reactants (forward and reverse response charges are identical).
A response is spontaneous if... - ANS-the product has decrease loose strength than the
substrate.
A redox reaction has a fantastic ΔE. What does this say approximately the reaction? - ANS-It is
exogonic and spontaneous.
An aldehyde reacted with an alcohol yields - ANS-hemiacetal
An enzyme will increase the rate of a reaction through stabilizing the... - ANS-Transition
kingdom
Assume that 12 molecules of ribose 5-phosphate input the non-oxidative section of the pentose
phosphate pathway. How many molecules of fructose 6-phosphate will be generated? - ANS-10
At equilibrium what's ∆G? - ANS-0
Both liver and muscle cells respond to (hormone) - ANS-insulin
examine and comparison the nucleation condensation and the diffusion collision models of the
kinetics of protein folding. - ANS-In nucleation condensation, the protein core collapses, bringing
sidechains closer together to interact and form the final shape. In diffusion collision, the
secondary structure bureaucracy first, and then they interact to form tertiary structure.
Describe ATP synthase subunits and shape - ANS-(observe the image)
,Describe aggressive inhibition - ANS-Inhibitor competes for identical spot at the enzyme with
the substrate.
Increases $K_m$ but does not anything to $V_max$.
Describe non-aggressive inhibition - ANS-A unique case of combined-inhibition in which the
inhibitor has identical affinity for the enzyme and enzyme-substrate complex.
Decreases $V_max$.
Describe PFK2? - ANS-Phosphofructose kinase 2 converts fructose-6-phosphate into
fructose-2,6-bisphosphate. It has each a kinase area and a phosphatase domain. In component,
PFK2 pastime is modulated via blood glucose stages (low blood glucose turns on the
phosphatase area of PFK1, thereby lowering the fructose-2,6-bisphosphate, ultimately lowering
PFK1 hobby and glycolysis).
Describe pyruvate dehydrogenase (PDH complicated) - ANS-Catalyzes conversion of pyruvate
to acetyl-CoA, lowering NAD+ and freeing CO₂. It is regulated through the power country of the
cell and could be activated while there isn't always that lots ATP, and inhibited when there is too
much ATP
Describe the distinction among the lock and key model of enzyme specificity vs the brought
about fit version - ANS-In Emil Fisher's 'lock-and-key' model of enzyme specificity, the enzyme
binds tightly and precisely to the substrate.
In the cutting-edge 'triggered healthy' model, the enzyme binds weakly to the substrate and then
changes conformation and binds tightly to the transition country.
Describe the difference between the T and R states of hemoglobin. - ANS-In the R country,
hemoglobin has a high affinity for oxygen, whilst within the T state, hemoglobin has a low affinity
for oxygen.
Describe the expression of glucose-6-phosphatase in various organs? - ANS-Kidney and liver
cells explicit glucose 6-phosphatase to finish gluconeogenesis.
Muscle and brain cells do no longer specific glucose 6-phosphatase, and consequently retain
glucose-6-phosphate for glycolysis.
Describe the unfastened strength related to oxidative phosphorylation - ANS-The exergonic
switch of electrons powers the switch of protons into the intermembrane space. The protons
float down their attention gradient to strength the endergonic synthesis of ATP.
Describe the function of complexes I and II in the ETC? - ANS-To switch electrons from
well-known electron acceptors to coenzyme Q (ubiquinone).
, Describe the general procedure of de novo purine synthesis? - ANS-PPRP is made. Then the
nitrogenous base is build immediately atop of this molecule. This consequences within the
advent of IMP.
IMP can then be changed into adenylosuccinate or Xanthine monophosphate (XMP).
Adenylosuccinate is then changed into AMP
XMP is became GMP.
ATP is needed for the formation of GMP
GTP is needed for the formation of AMP
Describe the general technique of de novo pyrimidine synthesis? - ANS-The pyrimidine ring is
first assembled and attached to ribose-5-phosphate given by means of PRPP.
Final product is UMP, which is then turned into UTP, which may be transformed into CTP
Describe the L isoform of hexokinase at high glucose ranges. - ANS-At excessive glucose
levels, the L isoform (also known as glucokinase) is not inhibited by means of
glucose-6-phosphate, and considering the fact that there may be tons of glucose, the liver is
able to take it all despite glucokinase having a low Km.
Describe the M isoform of hexokinase at excessive glucose tiers. - ANS-At excessive glucose
levels, there might be a lot ATP produced by using cells, thereby inhibiting PFK1 and created a
backlog of glucose-6-phosphate and fructose-6-phosphate. These molecules, in turn, inhibit
M-hexokinase, allowing much less glucose uptake into cells and greater glucose inside the
bloodstream for intake via the liver which ambitions to convert the glucose into glycogen and
stuff.
Describe uncompetitive inhibition - ANS-Inhibitor binds to enzyme substrate complex, thereby
disabling it.
Decreases $V_max$ and $K_m$ (inside the presence of inhibitor, the enzyme has a higher
affinity for the substrate)
Do peptide bonds decide on the cis configuration or trans configuration? - ANS-Trans, except
for proline
Does glucose-6-phosphate/fructose-6-phosphate accumulate inside the liver? - ANS-No,
because they may be constantly being shuttled to make glycogen and fatty acids.
Each cycle of beta oxidation yields? - ANS-1 NADH and 1FADH₂
Formula for exchange in Gibbs unfastened power - ANS-∆G = ∆H - T∆S
