BIOD 210 Genetics Final Exam Study Guide with correct
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detailed answers|
Central |Dogma |of |Molecular |Biology |- |correct |answer |1. |DNA |Replication: |makes |DNA |copies |
that |are |passed |down
2. |Transcription: |produces |RNA |copy |of |a |gene
3. |Translation: |produces |a |polypeptide |using |the |information |in |mRNA
Polypeptide |can |then |become |part |of |a |functional |protein |that |contributes |to |an |organisms |
traits
Life |Cycle |of |the |Cell |- |correct |answer |G1-G0-G1-S-G2-Mitosis
G1 |- |correct |answer |Interphase |growth |period |within |the |cell
G0 |- |correct |answer |Interphase |rest |period
S |- |correct |answer |Interphase |period |of |DNA |replication, |contents |of |chromosomes |double
G2 |- |correct |answer |Second |phase |of |interphase |growth
Molecular |Structure |of |DNA |- |correct |answer |DNA, |also |called |Deoxyribose |nucleic |acid, |is |an |
anti-parallel |double |helix |composed |of |nucleotides. |
Each |nucleotide |contains |a |phosphate |group, |a |5 |carbon |sugar |group, |and |a |nitrogen |base |
(A,G,C,T)
,Nucleotides |are |attached |together |to |form |two |long |strands |that |spiral |to |create |a |structure |
called |a |double |helix. |If |you |think |of |the |double |helix |structure |as |a |ladder, |the |phosphate |and
|sugar |molecules |would |be |the |sides, |held |together |by |phosphodiester |bonds, |while |the |bases |
would |be |the |rungs. |The |bases |on |one |strand |pair |with |the |bases |on |another |strand: |A |pairs |
with |T, |and |G |pairs |with |C, |forming |the |DNA |molecule. |
A |and |T |are |held |together |by |2 |hydrogen |bonds |while |G |and |C |are |held |together |by |3
Molecular |Structure |of |RNA |- |correct |answer |The |structure |of |RNA |is |made |up |of |three |
components, |one |of |which |is |a |five-carbon |sugar |called |ribose |sugar. |One |of |the |carbons |of |
the |ribose |sugar |is |attached |to |a |nitrogenous |base, |which |is |A,G,C, |or |U. |Another |of |the |
carbons |of |the |ribose |sugar |is |attached |to |the |phosphate |group. |Yet |another |carbon |is |
attached |to |a |hydroxyl |group.
What |makes |RNA |different |from |DNA |is |that |it |uses |Uracil |instead |of |Thymine |and |it |has |an |
OH |group |on |the |2' |carbon |instead |of |the |plain |H |that |DNA |has.
Deoxyribose |sugar |of |DNA |compared |to |Ribose |sugar |of |RNA |- |correct |answer
|http://www.mun.ca/biology/scarr/iGen3_02-07_Figure-L.jpg
Mitosis |- |correct |answer |The |devision |of |a |mother |and |daughter |cell |into |genetically |identical |
cells. |Prophase-Prometaphase-Metaphase-Anaphase-Telophase
Prophase |- |correct |answer |Chromosomes |are |condensed
Prometaphase |- |correct |answer |Nuclear |envelope |dissolves
Meselson |and |Stahl |- |correct |answer |Meselson |and |Stahl's |experiment |tested |which |model |of |
DNA, |i.e., |the |conservative, |semi-conservative, |and |dispersive |models, |was |correct.
, They |grew |Ecoli |in |N^15. |They |then |took |the |N^15 |and |put |it |into |N^14 |medium |and |allowed |
DNA |replication |to |take |place. |They |took |samples, |spliced |them, |spun |them |in |a |centrifuge, |
and |viewed |which |layers |emerged |because |N^15 |was |heavier |than |N^14. |They |saw |that |there |
wasn't |just |a |band |for |N^15 |and |N^14, |but |a |half |dark, |half |light |band. |This |threw |the |
conservative |model |out. |After |the |second |generation |went |by |there |was |an |equal |distribution |
of |half |light |and |half |dark |bands. |
The |Semi-Conservative |model |of |DNA |was |supported |by |this.
Conservative |Model |- |correct |answer |Every |time |a |new |molecule |of |DNA |is |produced |it |is |
completely |brand |new |(brand |new |molecule)
Semi-conservative |Model |- |correct |answer |Each |strand |of |DNA |becomes |integrated |with |a |new
|strand |into |a |new |double |helix |(half |old |molecule |and |half |new)
Dispersive |Model |- |correct |answer |Both |original |strands |of |DNA |become |interspersed |
throughout |the |new |model |(unequal |proportions |of |new |DNA |to |old |DNA)
Metaphase |- |correct |answer |Chromosomes |align |along |the |middle |of |the |cell
Chargaff's |Rules |- |correct |answer |A |and |T |are |always |in |the |same |abundance.
G |and |C |are |always |in |the |same |abundance.
Different |species |have |different |%AT |vs |%GC
Anaphase |- |correct |answer |Chromosomes |are |pulled |apart, |pulling |two |identical |daughter |
chromosomes |to |each |end |of |the |cell
Avery |Experiment |- |correct |answer |Determined |what |material |contains |genetic |material |by |
extracting |protein, |DNA, |and |RNA |from |IIIS |cells |through |heating. |Conducted |four |experiments
|where |all |material |was |added |to |vials |of |IIR |cells.
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detailed answers|
Central |Dogma |of |Molecular |Biology |- |correct |answer |1. |DNA |Replication: |makes |DNA |copies |
that |are |passed |down
2. |Transcription: |produces |RNA |copy |of |a |gene
3. |Translation: |produces |a |polypeptide |using |the |information |in |mRNA
Polypeptide |can |then |become |part |of |a |functional |protein |that |contributes |to |an |organisms |
traits
Life |Cycle |of |the |Cell |- |correct |answer |G1-G0-G1-S-G2-Mitosis
G1 |- |correct |answer |Interphase |growth |period |within |the |cell
G0 |- |correct |answer |Interphase |rest |period
S |- |correct |answer |Interphase |period |of |DNA |replication, |contents |of |chromosomes |double
G2 |- |correct |answer |Second |phase |of |interphase |growth
Molecular |Structure |of |DNA |- |correct |answer |DNA, |also |called |Deoxyribose |nucleic |acid, |is |an |
anti-parallel |double |helix |composed |of |nucleotides. |
Each |nucleotide |contains |a |phosphate |group, |a |5 |carbon |sugar |group, |and |a |nitrogen |base |
(A,G,C,T)
,Nucleotides |are |attached |together |to |form |two |long |strands |that |spiral |to |create |a |structure |
called |a |double |helix. |If |you |think |of |the |double |helix |structure |as |a |ladder, |the |phosphate |and
|sugar |molecules |would |be |the |sides, |held |together |by |phosphodiester |bonds, |while |the |bases |
would |be |the |rungs. |The |bases |on |one |strand |pair |with |the |bases |on |another |strand: |A |pairs |
with |T, |and |G |pairs |with |C, |forming |the |DNA |molecule. |
A |and |T |are |held |together |by |2 |hydrogen |bonds |while |G |and |C |are |held |together |by |3
Molecular |Structure |of |RNA |- |correct |answer |The |structure |of |RNA |is |made |up |of |three |
components, |one |of |which |is |a |five-carbon |sugar |called |ribose |sugar. |One |of |the |carbons |of |
the |ribose |sugar |is |attached |to |a |nitrogenous |base, |which |is |A,G,C, |or |U. |Another |of |the |
carbons |of |the |ribose |sugar |is |attached |to |the |phosphate |group. |Yet |another |carbon |is |
attached |to |a |hydroxyl |group.
What |makes |RNA |different |from |DNA |is |that |it |uses |Uracil |instead |of |Thymine |and |it |has |an |
OH |group |on |the |2' |carbon |instead |of |the |plain |H |that |DNA |has.
Deoxyribose |sugar |of |DNA |compared |to |Ribose |sugar |of |RNA |- |correct |answer
|http://www.mun.ca/biology/scarr/iGen3_02-07_Figure-L.jpg
Mitosis |- |correct |answer |The |devision |of |a |mother |and |daughter |cell |into |genetically |identical |
cells. |Prophase-Prometaphase-Metaphase-Anaphase-Telophase
Prophase |- |correct |answer |Chromosomes |are |condensed
Prometaphase |- |correct |answer |Nuclear |envelope |dissolves
Meselson |and |Stahl |- |correct |answer |Meselson |and |Stahl's |experiment |tested |which |model |of |
DNA, |i.e., |the |conservative, |semi-conservative, |and |dispersive |models, |was |correct.
, They |grew |Ecoli |in |N^15. |They |then |took |the |N^15 |and |put |it |into |N^14 |medium |and |allowed |
DNA |replication |to |take |place. |They |took |samples, |spliced |them, |spun |them |in |a |centrifuge, |
and |viewed |which |layers |emerged |because |N^15 |was |heavier |than |N^14. |They |saw |that |there |
wasn't |just |a |band |for |N^15 |and |N^14, |but |a |half |dark, |half |light |band. |This |threw |the |
conservative |model |out. |After |the |second |generation |went |by |there |was |an |equal |distribution |
of |half |light |and |half |dark |bands. |
The |Semi-Conservative |model |of |DNA |was |supported |by |this.
Conservative |Model |- |correct |answer |Every |time |a |new |molecule |of |DNA |is |produced |it |is |
completely |brand |new |(brand |new |molecule)
Semi-conservative |Model |- |correct |answer |Each |strand |of |DNA |becomes |integrated |with |a |new
|strand |into |a |new |double |helix |(half |old |molecule |and |half |new)
Dispersive |Model |- |correct |answer |Both |original |strands |of |DNA |become |interspersed |
throughout |the |new |model |(unequal |proportions |of |new |DNA |to |old |DNA)
Metaphase |- |correct |answer |Chromosomes |align |along |the |middle |of |the |cell
Chargaff's |Rules |- |correct |answer |A |and |T |are |always |in |the |same |abundance.
G |and |C |are |always |in |the |same |abundance.
Different |species |have |different |%AT |vs |%GC
Anaphase |- |correct |answer |Chromosomes |are |pulled |apart, |pulling |two |identical |daughter |
chromosomes |to |each |end |of |the |cell
Avery |Experiment |- |correct |answer |Determined |what |material |contains |genetic |material |by |
extracting |protein, |DNA, |and |RNA |from |IIIS |cells |through |heating. |Conducted |four |experiments
|where |all |material |was |added |to |vials |of |IIR |cells.
