Hondros NUR 155 Final Exam 2 – Versions A & B Complete | 100
Frequently Tested Questions & Correct Answers (2025–2026)
What's tonicity? - correct answerThe particles in a solution
What's volemic? - correct answerThe fluid in a solution
Hypovolemic/Hypertonic - correct answerLow fluid, high particles
Hypervolemic/Hypotonic - correct answerHigh fluid, low particles
FVD - correct answerFluid volume deficit
Hypovolemia - correct answerS/S: confusion, thirst, dry mucous membranes, orthostatic
hypotension, tachycardia, weak pulse, decreased: skin turgor, capillary refill time, and
urine output.
Interventions: IV fluids, monitor vitals, I&O, and lab values (hematocrit, BUN, urine
specific gravity)
Hypertonicity (dehydration) - correct answerS/S: similar to hypovolemia but with flushed
and dry skin, increased temp, irritability, seizures, and coma
Interventions: IV fluids, assess for neurologic changes, and monitor vitals, I&O, and lab
values (hematocrit, BUN, urine specific gravity)
Hypervolemia - correct answerS/S: wt gain, edema, bounding peripheral pulses,
hypertension, JVD (jugular vein distention), dyspnea, cough, adventitious lung sounds
Interventions: Monitor vitals, I&O, edema, JVD, lung sounds, and lab values
(hematocrit, BUN, urine specific gravity)
Hypotonicity - correct answerS/S: similar to hypervolemia but also with neurologic
changes indicating cerebral edema, such as decreased LOC, coma, and seizures
Interventions: Monitor vitals, I&O, lab values (hematocrit, BUN, urine specific gravity),
and assess for neurologic changes
Major electrolytes - correct answerNa, K, Ca, Mg, Cl, PO4 3-
Na levels and function - correct answerNormal level: 135-145 mEq/L
Function: resting membrane potential, depolarization for nerve/muscle function,
producing body heat, and essential for acid-base buffering
Na sources - correct answerbread, cereal, chips, cheese, processed meats (lunch meat,
hotdogs, bacon), canned foods
K levels and function - correct answerNormal level: 3.5-5.0 mEq/L
Function: works with Na to produce resting membrane potential, protein synthesis
,K sources - correct answerBananas, fish (excluding shellfish), whole grains, nuts,
broccoli, cabbage, carrots, celery, cucumbers, potatoes, spinach, tomatoes, apricots,
cantaloupe, oranges, nectarines, and tangerines
Ca levels and function - correct answerNormal level: 9-10.5 mg/dL
Function: primary component of bones, blood clotting, nerve impulse transmission,
cardiac conduction, muscle contraction
Ca sources - correct answerDairy products, rhubarb, spinach, tofu
Mg levels and function - correct answerNormal levels: 1.5-2.5 mEq/L
Function: Mostly found in cells, key role is ATP production and use, intracellular
metabolism, required for nucleic acid and protein synthesis, helps maintain normal
serum calcium levels
Mg sources - correct answerCashews, halibut, green leafy vegetables, tofu, wheat
germ, dried fruit
Cl levels and function - correct answerNormal level: 98-106 mEq/L
Function: maintains serum osmolarity, required for stomach (hydrochloric) acid
formation, buffer in acid-base balance
Cl sources - correct answerSeaweed, rye, lettuce, celery, olives, table salt and salt
substitutes
PO4 3- (phosphate) levels and function - correct answerNormal level: 2-4.5 mg/dL
Function: works with Ca to maintain bone structure, aids in cellular metabolism and ATP
production, essential for carbohydrates
PO4 3- sources - correct answerMilk, meat, nuts, legumes, grains
Hyponatremia - correct answerNa <136 mEq/L
S/S: lethargy, weakness, confusion, seizures, anorexia, N+V Interventions: Monitor
vitals, I&O, labs, encourage high Na foods, restrict water intake, and give hypertonic IV
*Na levels can only increase by 4-6 mEq/L within 24hr to prevent brain damage
Hypernatremia - correct answerNa >145 mEq/L
S/S: Thirst, dry mucous membranes, irritability, weakness, lowered LOC
Interventions: IV fluids w/o Na (hypotonic solution), low Na diet, increase oral fluid
intake, monitor labs, I&O, VS and LOC
Hypokalemia - correct answerK <3.5 mEq/L
S/S: *low and slow; fatigue, lethargy, muscle weakness, cramps, anorexia, N+V, GI
hypomobility, low bowel sounds, cardiac dysrhythmias, weak pulse
, Interventions: IV fluids w/ K, foods high in K (bananas, avocado), monitor VS, labs, HR
& rhythm, put on cardiac monitor
Hyperkalemia - correct answerK > 5 mEq/L
S/S: *high and fast; irritability, anxiety, muscle weakness, GI hyperactivity, paresthesia,
diarrhea, abdominal cramping, cardiac dysrhythmias, cardiac arrest
Interventions: Low K foods, monitor VS, labs, HR & rhythm, cardiac monitor
Not as common as Hypokalemia, but more serious
Hypocalcemia - correct answerCa < 9 mg/dL
S/S: confusion, anxiety, hyperactive reflexes, cardiac dysrhythmias, cramps, tertiary,
convulsions, numbness, tingling
*Trousseaus (involuntary wrist movement) and Chvosteks (involuntary face twitching)
Interventions: Ca supplements w/ vitamin D, fall & seizure precautions, foods high in Ca
(dairy), monitor HR w/ EKG
Hypercalcemia - correct answerCa > 10.5 mg/dL
S/S: lethargy, weakness, hypoactive reflexes, cardiac dysrhythmias, anorexia, N+V,
constipation, kidney stones, low muscle strength + tone, fractures
Interventions: Increase fluids, monitor HR w/ EKG, exercise to balance out Ca
throughout body
Normal glucose levels - correct answer70-110mg
Normal sodium levels - correct answer135-145 mEq/L
Normal potassium levels - correct answer3.5-5 mEq/L
Normal creatinine levels - correct answermale: 0.6-1.2 mg/dL
female: 0.5-1.1 mg/dL
Normal blood urea nitrogen (BUN) - correct answer10-20 mg/dL
Normal cholesterol level - correct answer<200 mg/dL
Protein total - correct answer6.4-8.3 g/dL
Albumin normal levels - correct answer3.5-5 g/dL
Normal triglycerides levels - correct answermale: 40-160 mg/dL
female: 35-135 mg/dL
Normal high density lipoprotein levels (HDL) - correct answermale: > 45mg/dL
female: > 55 mg/dL
Normal low density lipoprotein levels (LDL) - correct answer< 130 mg/dL
Frequently Tested Questions & Correct Answers (2025–2026)
What's tonicity? - correct answerThe particles in a solution
What's volemic? - correct answerThe fluid in a solution
Hypovolemic/Hypertonic - correct answerLow fluid, high particles
Hypervolemic/Hypotonic - correct answerHigh fluid, low particles
FVD - correct answerFluid volume deficit
Hypovolemia - correct answerS/S: confusion, thirst, dry mucous membranes, orthostatic
hypotension, tachycardia, weak pulse, decreased: skin turgor, capillary refill time, and
urine output.
Interventions: IV fluids, monitor vitals, I&O, and lab values (hematocrit, BUN, urine
specific gravity)
Hypertonicity (dehydration) - correct answerS/S: similar to hypovolemia but with flushed
and dry skin, increased temp, irritability, seizures, and coma
Interventions: IV fluids, assess for neurologic changes, and monitor vitals, I&O, and lab
values (hematocrit, BUN, urine specific gravity)
Hypervolemia - correct answerS/S: wt gain, edema, bounding peripheral pulses,
hypertension, JVD (jugular vein distention), dyspnea, cough, adventitious lung sounds
Interventions: Monitor vitals, I&O, edema, JVD, lung sounds, and lab values
(hematocrit, BUN, urine specific gravity)
Hypotonicity - correct answerS/S: similar to hypervolemia but also with neurologic
changes indicating cerebral edema, such as decreased LOC, coma, and seizures
Interventions: Monitor vitals, I&O, lab values (hematocrit, BUN, urine specific gravity),
and assess for neurologic changes
Major electrolytes - correct answerNa, K, Ca, Mg, Cl, PO4 3-
Na levels and function - correct answerNormal level: 135-145 mEq/L
Function: resting membrane potential, depolarization for nerve/muscle function,
producing body heat, and essential for acid-base buffering
Na sources - correct answerbread, cereal, chips, cheese, processed meats (lunch meat,
hotdogs, bacon), canned foods
K levels and function - correct answerNormal level: 3.5-5.0 mEq/L
Function: works with Na to produce resting membrane potential, protein synthesis
,K sources - correct answerBananas, fish (excluding shellfish), whole grains, nuts,
broccoli, cabbage, carrots, celery, cucumbers, potatoes, spinach, tomatoes, apricots,
cantaloupe, oranges, nectarines, and tangerines
Ca levels and function - correct answerNormal level: 9-10.5 mg/dL
Function: primary component of bones, blood clotting, nerve impulse transmission,
cardiac conduction, muscle contraction
Ca sources - correct answerDairy products, rhubarb, spinach, tofu
Mg levels and function - correct answerNormal levels: 1.5-2.5 mEq/L
Function: Mostly found in cells, key role is ATP production and use, intracellular
metabolism, required for nucleic acid and protein synthesis, helps maintain normal
serum calcium levels
Mg sources - correct answerCashews, halibut, green leafy vegetables, tofu, wheat
germ, dried fruit
Cl levels and function - correct answerNormal level: 98-106 mEq/L
Function: maintains serum osmolarity, required for stomach (hydrochloric) acid
formation, buffer in acid-base balance
Cl sources - correct answerSeaweed, rye, lettuce, celery, olives, table salt and salt
substitutes
PO4 3- (phosphate) levels and function - correct answerNormal level: 2-4.5 mg/dL
Function: works with Ca to maintain bone structure, aids in cellular metabolism and ATP
production, essential for carbohydrates
PO4 3- sources - correct answerMilk, meat, nuts, legumes, grains
Hyponatremia - correct answerNa <136 mEq/L
S/S: lethargy, weakness, confusion, seizures, anorexia, N+V Interventions: Monitor
vitals, I&O, labs, encourage high Na foods, restrict water intake, and give hypertonic IV
*Na levels can only increase by 4-6 mEq/L within 24hr to prevent brain damage
Hypernatremia - correct answerNa >145 mEq/L
S/S: Thirst, dry mucous membranes, irritability, weakness, lowered LOC
Interventions: IV fluids w/o Na (hypotonic solution), low Na diet, increase oral fluid
intake, monitor labs, I&O, VS and LOC
Hypokalemia - correct answerK <3.5 mEq/L
S/S: *low and slow; fatigue, lethargy, muscle weakness, cramps, anorexia, N+V, GI
hypomobility, low bowel sounds, cardiac dysrhythmias, weak pulse
, Interventions: IV fluids w/ K, foods high in K (bananas, avocado), monitor VS, labs, HR
& rhythm, put on cardiac monitor
Hyperkalemia - correct answerK > 5 mEq/L
S/S: *high and fast; irritability, anxiety, muscle weakness, GI hyperactivity, paresthesia,
diarrhea, abdominal cramping, cardiac dysrhythmias, cardiac arrest
Interventions: Low K foods, monitor VS, labs, HR & rhythm, cardiac monitor
Not as common as Hypokalemia, but more serious
Hypocalcemia - correct answerCa < 9 mg/dL
S/S: confusion, anxiety, hyperactive reflexes, cardiac dysrhythmias, cramps, tertiary,
convulsions, numbness, tingling
*Trousseaus (involuntary wrist movement) and Chvosteks (involuntary face twitching)
Interventions: Ca supplements w/ vitamin D, fall & seizure precautions, foods high in Ca
(dairy), monitor HR w/ EKG
Hypercalcemia - correct answerCa > 10.5 mg/dL
S/S: lethargy, weakness, hypoactive reflexes, cardiac dysrhythmias, anorexia, N+V,
constipation, kidney stones, low muscle strength + tone, fractures
Interventions: Increase fluids, monitor HR w/ EKG, exercise to balance out Ca
throughout body
Normal glucose levels - correct answer70-110mg
Normal sodium levels - correct answer135-145 mEq/L
Normal potassium levels - correct answer3.5-5 mEq/L
Normal creatinine levels - correct answermale: 0.6-1.2 mg/dL
female: 0.5-1.1 mg/dL
Normal blood urea nitrogen (BUN) - correct answer10-20 mg/dL
Normal cholesterol level - correct answer<200 mg/dL
Protein total - correct answer6.4-8.3 g/dL
Albumin normal levels - correct answer3.5-5 g/dL
Normal triglycerides levels - correct answermale: 40-160 mg/dL
female: 35-135 mg/dL
Normal high density lipoprotein levels (HDL) - correct answermale: > 45mg/dL
female: > 55 mg/dL
Normal low density lipoprotein levels (LDL) - correct answer< 130 mg/dL
