NURSING SCHOOL MAIN EXAM MANUAL 2025/2026
QUESTIONS AND SOLUTION RATED A+
✔✔liquids - ✔✔they can take the shape of any container they're placed in.
volume always remains constant.
examples : metal mercury, nonmetal bromine, glass
✔✔solids - ✔✔maintain shape.
occupy volume.
have identifying density.
cannot be forced into a smaller space.
do no increase under pressure
examples: metals (except for mercury) nonmetals, carbon, phosphorus, sulfur
✔✔elements - ✔✔the simplest form of matter that cannot be changed further by
chemical or physical methods.
cannot be broken down into two or more different kinds of atoms.
examples : iron, sulfur, oxygen, iodine, calcium
✔✔compounds - ✔✔formed by a combination of two or more elements which are
chemically united
examples: water, glucose, alcohol, salt, ethanol, acetic acid, butane, methane, baking
soda, citric acid, camphor, octane.
✔✔mixture - ✔✔combinations of different elements or compounds in which there is little
if any chemical union of the combined parts.
✔✔solutions - ✔✔homogenous mixture.
a mixture of two or more substances in a single phase.
at least two substances must be mixed in order to have a solution
✔✔solute - ✔✔A substance that is dissolved in a solution.
✔✔solvent - ✔✔the substance in which the solute dissolves
✔✔acids - ✔✔release hydrogen ions in water solutions.
sour like lemons or limes
burn to the touch
turn litmus paper red
react with metals to release hydrogen gas
react with carbonates to release carbon dioxide gas
,✔✔bases - ✔✔accept hydrogen atoms.
bitter like baking soda.
slippery like soap.
turn litmus paper blue.
do not react with metals.
do not react with carbonates.
✔✔pH - ✔✔a lower amount of hydrogen ions = a higher amount of hydroxyl ions.
pH of 0 to 6.9 have a greater amount if hydrogen ions and a lower amount of hydroxyl
ions.
ph of 7.0 has an equal amount of hydrogen and hydroxyl ions.
ph 7.1 to 14.0 have a lower amount of hydrogen ions and a higher amount of hydroxyl
ions.
✔✔living matter is generally organized into units known as cells - ✔✔
✔✔unicellular - ✔✔Organisms are composed of one cell
✔✔multicellular - ✔✔organisms are composed of numerous, specialized cells.
✔✔figure 6.1 cell - ✔✔
✔✔pinocytic vesicle - ✔✔Vesicle formed at the plasma membrane to allow the
absorption of large molecules. (protein/fat)
✔✔cytoplasm - ✔✔A jellylike fluid inside the cell in which the organelles are suspended
✔✔Golgi body - ✔✔A structure in a cell that receives proteins and other newly formed
materials from the endoplasmic reticulum, packages them, and distributes them to other
parts of the cell.
✔✔centrosomes - ✔✔Microtubule-organizing centers that help to form and organize the
mitotic spindle during mitosis
✔✔cell membrane - ✔✔A cell structure that controls which substances can enter or
leave the cell.
✔✔lysosome - ✔✔Uses chemicals to break down food and worn out cell parts
, ✔✔mitochondria - ✔✔Powerhouse of the cell, organelle that is the site of ATP (energy)
production
✔✔endoplasmic reticulum - ✔✔A cell structure that forms a maze of passageways in
which proteins and other materials are carried from one part of the cell to another.
✔✔ribosomes - ✔✔site of protein synthesis
✔✔nuclear membrane - ✔✔controls what goes in and out of the nucleus
✔✔Nucleus - ✔✔Control center of the cell
✔✔nucleolus - ✔✔Found inside the nucleus and produces ribosomes
✔✔cellular reproduction - the cycle consists of four repeating phases . - ✔✔M (mitosis)
phase
G (gap) 1 phase
S (synthesis) phase
G (gap) 2 phase
✔✔mitosis - ✔✔is the process by which cells become duplicated
✔✔meiosis - ✔✔Cell division that produces reproductive cells in sexually reproducing
organisms
✔✔anaerobic respiration (glycolsis) - ✔✔does not require oxygen to carry on
respiration.
takes places in cytoplasm of cells
✔✔aerobic respiration (kerbs citric acid cycle ) - ✔✔requires free oxygen to maintain life
processes
takes place inside the mitochondria of the cell.
✔✔chemistry - ✔✔is a physical science that studies the composition, properties, and
reactions of substances.
✔✔energy - ✔✔is the ability to do work
✔✔matter - ✔✔is defines by physical characteristics of mass and volume.
✔✔mass - ✔✔is the amount of matter in an object.
✔✔kilogram - ✔✔is the basic unit of mass
QUESTIONS AND SOLUTION RATED A+
✔✔liquids - ✔✔they can take the shape of any container they're placed in.
volume always remains constant.
examples : metal mercury, nonmetal bromine, glass
✔✔solids - ✔✔maintain shape.
occupy volume.
have identifying density.
cannot be forced into a smaller space.
do no increase under pressure
examples: metals (except for mercury) nonmetals, carbon, phosphorus, sulfur
✔✔elements - ✔✔the simplest form of matter that cannot be changed further by
chemical or physical methods.
cannot be broken down into two or more different kinds of atoms.
examples : iron, sulfur, oxygen, iodine, calcium
✔✔compounds - ✔✔formed by a combination of two or more elements which are
chemically united
examples: water, glucose, alcohol, salt, ethanol, acetic acid, butane, methane, baking
soda, citric acid, camphor, octane.
✔✔mixture - ✔✔combinations of different elements or compounds in which there is little
if any chemical union of the combined parts.
✔✔solutions - ✔✔homogenous mixture.
a mixture of two or more substances in a single phase.
at least two substances must be mixed in order to have a solution
✔✔solute - ✔✔A substance that is dissolved in a solution.
✔✔solvent - ✔✔the substance in which the solute dissolves
✔✔acids - ✔✔release hydrogen ions in water solutions.
sour like lemons or limes
burn to the touch
turn litmus paper red
react with metals to release hydrogen gas
react with carbonates to release carbon dioxide gas
,✔✔bases - ✔✔accept hydrogen atoms.
bitter like baking soda.
slippery like soap.
turn litmus paper blue.
do not react with metals.
do not react with carbonates.
✔✔pH - ✔✔a lower amount of hydrogen ions = a higher amount of hydroxyl ions.
pH of 0 to 6.9 have a greater amount if hydrogen ions and a lower amount of hydroxyl
ions.
ph of 7.0 has an equal amount of hydrogen and hydroxyl ions.
ph 7.1 to 14.0 have a lower amount of hydrogen ions and a higher amount of hydroxyl
ions.
✔✔living matter is generally organized into units known as cells - ✔✔
✔✔unicellular - ✔✔Organisms are composed of one cell
✔✔multicellular - ✔✔organisms are composed of numerous, specialized cells.
✔✔figure 6.1 cell - ✔✔
✔✔pinocytic vesicle - ✔✔Vesicle formed at the plasma membrane to allow the
absorption of large molecules. (protein/fat)
✔✔cytoplasm - ✔✔A jellylike fluid inside the cell in which the organelles are suspended
✔✔Golgi body - ✔✔A structure in a cell that receives proteins and other newly formed
materials from the endoplasmic reticulum, packages them, and distributes them to other
parts of the cell.
✔✔centrosomes - ✔✔Microtubule-organizing centers that help to form and organize the
mitotic spindle during mitosis
✔✔cell membrane - ✔✔A cell structure that controls which substances can enter or
leave the cell.
✔✔lysosome - ✔✔Uses chemicals to break down food and worn out cell parts
, ✔✔mitochondria - ✔✔Powerhouse of the cell, organelle that is the site of ATP (energy)
production
✔✔endoplasmic reticulum - ✔✔A cell structure that forms a maze of passageways in
which proteins and other materials are carried from one part of the cell to another.
✔✔ribosomes - ✔✔site of protein synthesis
✔✔nuclear membrane - ✔✔controls what goes in and out of the nucleus
✔✔Nucleus - ✔✔Control center of the cell
✔✔nucleolus - ✔✔Found inside the nucleus and produces ribosomes
✔✔cellular reproduction - the cycle consists of four repeating phases . - ✔✔M (mitosis)
phase
G (gap) 1 phase
S (synthesis) phase
G (gap) 2 phase
✔✔mitosis - ✔✔is the process by which cells become duplicated
✔✔meiosis - ✔✔Cell division that produces reproductive cells in sexually reproducing
organisms
✔✔anaerobic respiration (glycolsis) - ✔✔does not require oxygen to carry on
respiration.
takes places in cytoplasm of cells
✔✔aerobic respiration (kerbs citric acid cycle ) - ✔✔requires free oxygen to maintain life
processes
takes place inside the mitochondria of the cell.
✔✔chemistry - ✔✔is a physical science that studies the composition, properties, and
reactions of substances.
✔✔energy - ✔✔is the ability to do work
✔✔matter - ✔✔is defines by physical characteristics of mass and volume.
✔✔mass - ✔✔is the amount of matter in an object.
✔✔kilogram - ✔✔is the basic unit of mass
