SPHHS 150 FINAL EXAM QUESTIONS WITH CORRECT ANSWERS LATEST UPDATE

SPHHS 150 FINAL EXAM QUESTIONS WITH CORRECT ANSWERS LATEST UPDATE PERIE - Answers problem, etiology, recommendations, implementation, evaluation problem - Answers defining the problem, understand it's morbidity (illness) and death from illness (mortality) what is the course and distribution of the disease? etiology - Answers understanding the causes of the problem for something to be a cause: - Answers precedes the effect, altering the cause alters the effect at the population level evidence based - Answers effectiveness is supported by credible research findings epidemiology - Answers how health and disease are distributed and affect a population. work to prevent and control disease by identifying causes, tracking spread, and developing solutions. incidence - Answers number of new cases of a disease that develop within a population over a given period of time prevalence - Answers proportion of individuals in a population who have a disease at a particular point in time, including both new and existing cases descriptive epidemiology - Answers describe the distribution of a disease within a population by looking at patterns across time, place, and person. analytic epidemiology - Answers seeks to identify the causes and risk factors of a disease by analyzing relationships between exposures and health outcomes. exposure - Answers factor that influences the occurrence of the health condition (independent variable-> predictor) outcome - Answers health condition that is being observed (dependent variable-> observed) cohort study - Answers studying groups (cohorts) over long periods of time to see how certain exposures affect outcomes of interest smoking --> lung cancer in 10 years + nonsmoking --> no lung cancer in 10 years cohort pros and cons - Answers pros: good for rare exposures, allows calculation of incidence (risk) cons: time consuming, costly to follow up, can introduce bias case-control study - Answers individuals with a particular disease and individuals without the disease, asks about their past case-control pros and cons - Answers pros: quick and inexpensive, efficient, requires fewer participants cons: cannot establish temporality, can't calculate incidence directly, can't remember past, bias cross-sectional study - Answers collects data at a single point in time to assess the relationship between exposures and outcomes. determines prevalence of a condition in a population (diabetes) cross-sectional pros and cons - Answers pros: quick and cost effective, useful for hypothesis generation cons: can't establish temporality, can be affected by survival bias randomized control trials - Answers participants are randomly assigned to different groups to test the effectiveness of a treatment or intervention. tests the efficacy of new drugs or therapies RCT pros and cons - Answers pros: minimizes bias, allows for direct comparison cons: expensive, time-intensive infectious diseases - Answers Infectious diseases are illnesses caused by harmful organisms (pathogens) that enter your body from the outside. They are extremely common worldwide, but some are more common than others such as the influenza virus (the flu). zoonotic - Answers spread from animals to humans vector-borne - Answers ticks transmission - Answers spread of bacteria, viruses, airborne, or vehicle borne (list goes on) agent - Answers disease-causing pathogen susceptible host - Answers infected by agent immunity - Answers immune system's way of protecting the body against an infectious disease active immunity - Answers body's own immune system creating antibodies to fight things off natural: getting mono and then becoming immune to it forever artificial: vaccinations passive immunity - Answers receiving antibodies from external source natural: mother to child during breastfeeding artificial: blood transfusion control of infectious diseases - Answers early detection, reporting of outbreaks, isolation or quarantine if necessary healthy aging - Answers growing old by avoiding disease, being engaged with life, and maintaining high cognitive and physical functioning compression of morbidity - Answers a shortening of the time a person spends ill or infirm, accomplished by postponing illness