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CPHON AND APHON EXAM LATEST VERSION
2025/2026 QUESTIONS AND CORRECT
DETAILED ANSWERS (100% VERIFIED
ANSWERS) |ALREADY GRADED A+.
What are the three types of cytoxic agents that can be used for AIHA? -
CORRECT
ANSWER-1. Antimetabolites (6-mecaptupurine, azathioprine) 2. alkylating
agents (cyclophosphamide) 3. Mitotic agents (vincristine, vinblastine)
What gene is mutated for Diamond Blackfan Anemia and what chromosome is it
located on? - - CORRECT ANSWER-ribosomal protein gene RPS19 defect -
chromosome 19q13.2
What are the clinical findings with Diamond Blackfan Anemia? - - CORRECT
ANSWER-Anemia ( most common) The following in <50% - Cathie face - very
light blond heair, snub nose, wide set eyes, thick upper lip, "intelligent looking" ,
cleft palate or lips - Thumb abnormalities - Short stature with LBW - Cardiac
defects - hypoplastic fenitalia, duplicate ureters, horseshoe kidneys
What are the lab findings for a Diamond Blackfan Anemia ? - - CORRECT
ANSWER-macrocytic anemia - decreased or absent reticulocytes - increased
platelets >400k - increased fetal hbg - BM bx/a shows erthroid hypoplasia or
aplasia
,Causes of AIHA (4) - CORRECT ANSWER-1. Autoimmune disorders (LUPUS)
2.
Infections (hepatitis, EBV, myco pneu) 3. Drugs (peni and quinine) 4.
Hematologic disorders(Evan's syndrome and paroxysmal nocturnal
hemoglobinuria)
Clinical Symptoms of Severe AIHA - - CORRECT ANSWER-- pallor - jaundice
- fatigue - tachycardia -hypoxia --> organ damage - splenomagaly
What labs should be ordered if AIHA is suspected? - CORRECT ANSWER-cbc
d/p, retic, peripheral smear, Coombs test, bilirubin, LDH, and haptoglobin
Incidence of AIHA - CORRECT ANSWER-1 case per 80,000 persons
Labs findings that suggest AIHA is possible: - CORRECT ANSWER-1. Coombs
direct (DAT) : + which indicates antibodies against the RBC 2. Low Hemoglobin
3. Increased Retic 4. Spherocytes, schistocytes, or erythrocyte agglutination on
blood smear 5. Increased LDH 6. Decreased haptoglobin 7. Hemoglobinuria 8.
Increased Unconj bilirubin
Possible parts of the Treatment Plan of AIHA - CORRECT ANSWER-1. Stop
medication if suspected as cause 2. Prednisone 2-4 mg/kg/day 3. High Dose IVIG
4.Splenectomy 5. pRBC transfusion 6. Folic Acid supplementation 7.
Plasmapheresis (b/c IgM is confind to the intravascular space) 8. Cytotoxic agents
9. Immunosuppressive agents (Cyclosporine) 10. Hormonal therapy (danazol)
,-
T/F Cold Antibody AIHA is most common AIHA, in whcih the autoantibodies
become most active and attack RBCs usually at temperatures well below normal. .
- CORRECT ANSWER-False. 75% of cases are warm body
Pathophysiology of Warm Body AIHA IgG - CORRECT ANSWER-is the most
common antibody > attaches to RBC > recognized by monocytes and
macrophages in the spleen > destroy RBC membrane> RBC changes shape and
singled out for destruction
T/F RBC survival is proportional to the amount of antibody on the RBC surface;
therefore the greater the amount of antibody the more rapidly the RBC is
destroyed. - CORRECT ANSWER-True
Intravascular Hemolysis is - - CORRECT ANSWER-RBC lysis in circulation -
Antibodies bind to the RBC membrane therefore activating the complement
cascade - damaged membrane causes increased osmotic pressure within cell and
the cell bursts
Autoimmune Hemolytic Anemia is a group of disorders characterized by -
CORRECT ANSWER-malfunction of the immune system where antibodies are
produced against antigens on the surface of RBSs, resulting in hemolysis
Extravascular hemolysis is - CORRECT ANSWER-occurs when complement
fixation to RBC fails to activate complement cascade - the complement on the
, RBC surface interacts with receptors in macrophages in the lungs, liver, and
spleen -> RBC phagocytosis
T/F 50% of cases if warm anitbody AIHA are idiopathic (primary) - CORRECT
ANSWER-True
Prognosis of AIHA - - CORRECT ANSWER-Usually transient - less than 3
months - usually resolve spontaneously
What organ is the main site of hemolysis in cold antibody AIHA? - CORRECT
ANSWER-Liver
Primary cold agglutinin disease is : - CORRECT ANSWER-chronic or transient
chronic
Most common infection causing secondary cold antibody AIHA is: - CORRECT
ANSWER-Mycoplasma pneumoniae but also viral (measles, mumps, flu, EBV,
Adeno, VZV, CMV) and bacterial (syphilis and HIB)
T/F Blood products should be washed and warmed before transfusion for persons
with Cold Antibody AIHA - CORRECT ANSWER-True
Cold Antibody AIHA is most common in children when - . - CORRECT
ANSWERsecondary to infection - IgM or IgG cold reacting antibodies that cross
react with the ABO antigens on the surface of RBCs are produced
CPHON AND APHON EXAM LATEST VERSION
2025/2026 QUESTIONS AND CORRECT
DETAILED ANSWERS (100% VERIFIED
ANSWERS) |ALREADY GRADED A+.
What are the three types of cytoxic agents that can be used for AIHA? -
CORRECT
ANSWER-1. Antimetabolites (6-mecaptupurine, azathioprine) 2. alkylating
agents (cyclophosphamide) 3. Mitotic agents (vincristine, vinblastine)
What gene is mutated for Diamond Blackfan Anemia and what chromosome is it
located on? - - CORRECT ANSWER-ribosomal protein gene RPS19 defect -
chromosome 19q13.2
What are the clinical findings with Diamond Blackfan Anemia? - - CORRECT
ANSWER-Anemia ( most common) The following in <50% - Cathie face - very
light blond heair, snub nose, wide set eyes, thick upper lip, "intelligent looking" ,
cleft palate or lips - Thumb abnormalities - Short stature with LBW - Cardiac
defects - hypoplastic fenitalia, duplicate ureters, horseshoe kidneys
What are the lab findings for a Diamond Blackfan Anemia ? - - CORRECT
ANSWER-macrocytic anemia - decreased or absent reticulocytes - increased
platelets >400k - increased fetal hbg - BM bx/a shows erthroid hypoplasia or
aplasia
,Causes of AIHA (4) - CORRECT ANSWER-1. Autoimmune disorders (LUPUS)
2.
Infections (hepatitis, EBV, myco pneu) 3. Drugs (peni and quinine) 4.
Hematologic disorders(Evan's syndrome and paroxysmal nocturnal
hemoglobinuria)
Clinical Symptoms of Severe AIHA - - CORRECT ANSWER-- pallor - jaundice
- fatigue - tachycardia -hypoxia --> organ damage - splenomagaly
What labs should be ordered if AIHA is suspected? - CORRECT ANSWER-cbc
d/p, retic, peripheral smear, Coombs test, bilirubin, LDH, and haptoglobin
Incidence of AIHA - CORRECT ANSWER-1 case per 80,000 persons
Labs findings that suggest AIHA is possible: - CORRECT ANSWER-1. Coombs
direct (DAT) : + which indicates antibodies against the RBC 2. Low Hemoglobin
3. Increased Retic 4. Spherocytes, schistocytes, or erythrocyte agglutination on
blood smear 5. Increased LDH 6. Decreased haptoglobin 7. Hemoglobinuria 8.
Increased Unconj bilirubin
Possible parts of the Treatment Plan of AIHA - CORRECT ANSWER-1. Stop
medication if suspected as cause 2. Prednisone 2-4 mg/kg/day 3. High Dose IVIG
4.Splenectomy 5. pRBC transfusion 6. Folic Acid supplementation 7.
Plasmapheresis (b/c IgM is confind to the intravascular space) 8. Cytotoxic agents
9. Immunosuppressive agents (Cyclosporine) 10. Hormonal therapy (danazol)
,-
T/F Cold Antibody AIHA is most common AIHA, in whcih the autoantibodies
become most active and attack RBCs usually at temperatures well below normal. .
- CORRECT ANSWER-False. 75% of cases are warm body
Pathophysiology of Warm Body AIHA IgG - CORRECT ANSWER-is the most
common antibody > attaches to RBC > recognized by monocytes and
macrophages in the spleen > destroy RBC membrane> RBC changes shape and
singled out for destruction
T/F RBC survival is proportional to the amount of antibody on the RBC surface;
therefore the greater the amount of antibody the more rapidly the RBC is
destroyed. - CORRECT ANSWER-True
Intravascular Hemolysis is - - CORRECT ANSWER-RBC lysis in circulation -
Antibodies bind to the RBC membrane therefore activating the complement
cascade - damaged membrane causes increased osmotic pressure within cell and
the cell bursts
Autoimmune Hemolytic Anemia is a group of disorders characterized by -
CORRECT ANSWER-malfunction of the immune system where antibodies are
produced against antigens on the surface of RBSs, resulting in hemolysis
Extravascular hemolysis is - CORRECT ANSWER-occurs when complement
fixation to RBC fails to activate complement cascade - the complement on the
, RBC surface interacts with receptors in macrophages in the lungs, liver, and
spleen -> RBC phagocytosis
T/F 50% of cases if warm anitbody AIHA are idiopathic (primary) - CORRECT
ANSWER-True
Prognosis of AIHA - - CORRECT ANSWER-Usually transient - less than 3
months - usually resolve spontaneously
What organ is the main site of hemolysis in cold antibody AIHA? - CORRECT
ANSWER-Liver
Primary cold agglutinin disease is : - CORRECT ANSWER-chronic or transient
chronic
Most common infection causing secondary cold antibody AIHA is: - CORRECT
ANSWER-Mycoplasma pneumoniae but also viral (measles, mumps, flu, EBV,
Adeno, VZV, CMV) and bacterial (syphilis and HIB)
T/F Blood products should be washed and warmed before transfusion for persons
with Cold Antibody AIHA - CORRECT ANSWER-True
Cold Antibody AIHA is most common in children when - . - CORRECT
ANSWERsecondary to infection - IgM or IgG cold reacting antibodies that cross
react with the ABO antigens on the surface of RBCs are produced
