BIOL 141 Exam 2 - Cafferty Emory University – 166
Q’s and A’s
Cell Theory - -1. All living things are composed of cells
2. Cells are the basic units of structure and function in living things
3. New cells are produced from existing cells
-Common ancestor - -because all cells come from pre-existing cells, all individuals in a
population of single-celled organisms are related by a common ancestor
-Characteristics of Viruses - -- RNA or DNA
- Protective layer is a protein with or without lipids (doesn't always have plasma
membrane)
- Only reproduces inside another cell/can't reproduce independently
- nanometer (very small)
- Enzyme inhibitors treat viruses
- no organelles
-Characteristics of Prokaryotes - -- circular DNA
- phospholipid bilayer w/ or w/o a cell wall
- can reproduce independently but asexual reproduction
- about 1 µm in size
- Anti-peptidoglycans inhibit prokaryotes
- contain peptidoglycan in cell wall
-Characteristics of Protozoa - -- Linear DNA
- phospholipid bilayer w/o cell wall
- independent reproduction both asexual and sexual
- 5-1000µm
- can be treated by drugs that affect organelles only protists have
- can be treated by inhibiting enzymes that protists use, as the drug pyrimethamine which
inhibits folic acid production.
-Flagella - -A long, whip-like filament that helps in cell motility.
-Fimbrae - -needle-like projections that promote attachment to other cells or surfaces
-surface area to volume ratio - -large ratio is favored BECAUSE it's difficult for molecules
to diffuse across a large cell. In eukaryotes, the cytosol has a small volume bc it's taken up
by a lot of organelles.
-photosynthetic membranes - -carry out photosynthesis; develop form folds of the plasma
membrane; often become chloroplasts through endosymbiosis
, -Compartmentalization of cytoplasm with organelles - -- incompatible reactions can be
separated
- chemical reactions are more efficient
-nucleolous - -creates and assembles ribosome parts
-nucleoid - -A dense region of DNA in a prokaryotic cell.
-nuclear pore - -passageway for molecules into and out of the nucleus
-nuclear localization signal - -A short amino acid sequence that marks a protein for
delivery to the nucleus. (zip codes)
-free ribosomes - -make proteins that are suspended in cytosol which will function in
cytosol (ex:enzymes)
-rough ER - -ER that is studded with ribosomes
-lumen of rough ER - -proteins move into here to be folded and processed before leaving
the ER in a vesicle
-smooth ER - -ER that has no ribosomes, stores calcium, catalyzes lipids
-Golgi apparatus - -processes, sorts, and delivers proteins
-cisternae - -flattened membranous sacs in the golgi apparatus
-cis side of golgi - -Receives vesicles and is usually located near the ER
-Trans side of Golgi - -where vesicles containing the finished molecules pinch off & are
transported
-Lysosomes - -recycling center ONLY in animal cells; acidic condition with lots of enzymes
-vacuole - -Cell organelle that stores materials such as water, salts, and ions. indicative of
plant cells
-peroxisomes - -Produce hydrogen peroxide; detoxify harmful substances (redox
reactions)
-mitochondria - -supplies ATP. contains mitochondrial DNA
-chloroplast - -Site of photosynthesis
-plasma membrane - -A selectively-permeable phospholipid bilayer forming the boundary
of the cells
Q’s and A’s
Cell Theory - -1. All living things are composed of cells
2. Cells are the basic units of structure and function in living things
3. New cells are produced from existing cells
-Common ancestor - -because all cells come from pre-existing cells, all individuals in a
population of single-celled organisms are related by a common ancestor
-Characteristics of Viruses - -- RNA or DNA
- Protective layer is a protein with or without lipids (doesn't always have plasma
membrane)
- Only reproduces inside another cell/can't reproduce independently
- nanometer (very small)
- Enzyme inhibitors treat viruses
- no organelles
-Characteristics of Prokaryotes - -- circular DNA
- phospholipid bilayer w/ or w/o a cell wall
- can reproduce independently but asexual reproduction
- about 1 µm in size
- Anti-peptidoglycans inhibit prokaryotes
- contain peptidoglycan in cell wall
-Characteristics of Protozoa - -- Linear DNA
- phospholipid bilayer w/o cell wall
- independent reproduction both asexual and sexual
- 5-1000µm
- can be treated by drugs that affect organelles only protists have
- can be treated by inhibiting enzymes that protists use, as the drug pyrimethamine which
inhibits folic acid production.
-Flagella - -A long, whip-like filament that helps in cell motility.
-Fimbrae - -needle-like projections that promote attachment to other cells or surfaces
-surface area to volume ratio - -large ratio is favored BECAUSE it's difficult for molecules
to diffuse across a large cell. In eukaryotes, the cytosol has a small volume bc it's taken up
by a lot of organelles.
-photosynthetic membranes - -carry out photosynthesis; develop form folds of the plasma
membrane; often become chloroplasts through endosymbiosis
, -Compartmentalization of cytoplasm with organelles - -- incompatible reactions can be
separated
- chemical reactions are more efficient
-nucleolous - -creates and assembles ribosome parts
-nucleoid - -A dense region of DNA in a prokaryotic cell.
-nuclear pore - -passageway for molecules into and out of the nucleus
-nuclear localization signal - -A short amino acid sequence that marks a protein for
delivery to the nucleus. (zip codes)
-free ribosomes - -make proteins that are suspended in cytosol which will function in
cytosol (ex:enzymes)
-rough ER - -ER that is studded with ribosomes
-lumen of rough ER - -proteins move into here to be folded and processed before leaving
the ER in a vesicle
-smooth ER - -ER that has no ribosomes, stores calcium, catalyzes lipids
-Golgi apparatus - -processes, sorts, and delivers proteins
-cisternae - -flattened membranous sacs in the golgi apparatus
-cis side of golgi - -Receives vesicles and is usually located near the ER
-Trans side of Golgi - -where vesicles containing the finished molecules pinch off & are
transported
-Lysosomes - -recycling center ONLY in animal cells; acidic condition with lots of enzymes
-vacuole - -Cell organelle that stores materials such as water, salts, and ions. indicative of
plant cells
-peroxisomes - -Produce hydrogen peroxide; detoxify harmful substances (redox
reactions)
-mitochondria - -supplies ATP. contains mitochondrial DNA
-chloroplast - -Site of photosynthesis
-plasma membrane - -A selectively-permeable phospholipid bilayer forming the boundary
of the cells
