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,Copyright © 2021 John Wiley & Sons Canada, Ltd. Unauthorized copying, distribution,
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or transmission of this page is prohibited
vv vv vv vv vv vv vv vv
CHAPTER 1 vv vv
vv
PSYCHOLOGY: YESTERDAY AND TODAY vv vv vv vv
vv
CHAPTER LEARNING OBJECTIVES vv vv vv
vv
vv
1. Define psychology and describe the goals and levels of analysis psychologists use.
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• vv
Psychology is the study of mental processes and behaviour.
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• vv
The goals of psychology are to describe, explain, predict, and control behaviour and
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mental
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processes. Psychologists vary in the degree to which they focus on some of these
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goals
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more than others. vv vv vv
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The study of psychology must occur at multiple levels, including the level of the
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brain (the
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biological activity associated with mental processes and behaviour), the level of the
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person
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(the content of mental processes), and the level of the group (social influences on
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behaviour). vv
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2. Describe the influences of early myths and ancient Greek philosophies on
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psychology.
vv vv
• vv
Early explanations of human behaviour were rooted in superstition and magic.
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• vv
Later, philosophers, beginning with the ancient Greeks, tried to develop more
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objective
vv vv
theories of human consciousness and reality.
vv vv vv vv vv vv
• vv
The work of such early philosophers as Hippocrates, Socrates, Plato, and Aristotle
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contributed to the later formation of psychology as a natural science.
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vv
vv
3. Name important early psychologists and describe their major theories and research
vv vv vv vv vv vv vv vv vv vv vv
vv
methods. vv
• vv
The development of psychology has been strongly influenced by shifts in the social
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environment and development of new technology. vv vv vv vv vv vv
• vv
The first psychology laboratory was founded in Leipzig, Germany, by physiologist
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, Wilhelm
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Wundt. Wundt was interested in human consciousness and will, which he studied
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through
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small, structured activities that could be easily watched and replicated.
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• vv
Structuralism, a school of thought developed by one of Wundt’s students, relied upon
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the
vv vv
use of introspection, the careful observation of human perception. The goal of the
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structuralists was to find the smallest building blocks of consciousness.
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• vv
William James established the first psychology laboratory in the United States at
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Harvard.
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He helped shift the field’s focus to the functions of mental events and behaviours,
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forming a
vv vv vv
school of thought known as functionalism.
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• vv
Gestalt psychologists studied human tendencies to perceive pattern rather than
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dividing
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consciousness into its smallest parts. They focused on putting together the “parts,” or
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individual sensations, to create a “whole” or perception that went beyond the sum of
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the
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parts. vv
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4. Summarize the major principles of the psychoanalytical, behaviourist, humanistic,
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cognitive, and neuroscience approaches to psychology.
vv vv vv vv vv vv
• vv
Over the years, different fields of psychology emerged, with different ideas about
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what was
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the appropriate area of study for human psychology. Some of the most influential
vv vv vv vv vv vv vv vv vv vv vv vv
fields
vv vv
DOWNLOAD THE Test Bank for Psychology Around Us 4th Edition Ogden
vv vv vv vv vv vv vv vv vv vv
nursytestbank.store
vv
vv
vv
vv
vv
vv
Psychology: Yesterday and Today vv vv vv vv
1 - 2
vv vv vv vv vv vv vv
vv
Copyright © 2021 John Wiley & Sons Canada, Ltd. Unauthorized copying, distribution,
vv vv vv vv vv vv vv vv vv vv vv
or transmission of this page is prohibited
vv vv vv vv vv vv vv vv
were the psychoanalytic, behaviourist, humanistic, cognitive, and neuroscience schools
vv vv vv vv vv vv vv vv
of
vv vv
thought. vv
• vv
Sigmund Freud’s psychoanalytical theory focused on the importance of unconscious
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, mental
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processes. vv
• vv
Behaviourists believed strongly that psychology should restrict its focus to the careful
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study
vv vv
of observable behaviours.
vv vv vv
• vv
Humanistic psychologists reacted against the mechanical portrayals of people by the
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behaviourists and emphasized individuals’ potential for growth and self-actualization.
vv vv vv vv vv vv vv vv vv
• vv
Cognitive psychologists reignited interest in the study of mental processes, comparing
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the
vv vv
workings of the mind to the workings of computers.
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• vv
Biological science, including interest in the workings of the brain and in our genetic
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inheritance, was the major influence on neuroscience approaches.
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vv
vv
5. Describe the three major branches of psychology and summarize key trends in
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psychology. vv
• vv
The theoretical and cultural diversity of the field of psychology has increased
vv vv vv vv vv vv vv vv vv vv vv
dramatically
vv vv
over recent years. vv vv vv
• vv
There are three key branches of psychology: academic, applied, and
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clinical/counselling.
vv vv
• vv
Across the three branches and many specialty areas in psychology, psychologists are
vv vv vv vv vv vv vv vv vv vv vv vv
united by their shared values. Psychologists generally agree that psychology is theory-
vv vv vv vv vv vv vv vv vv vv vv
driven, empirical, multi-level, and contextual.
vv vv vv vv vv
• vv
Currently, psychology appears to be developing as a science in response to a growing
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vv
diversity throughout the field, advances in technology (such as brain scanning), and
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the
vv vv
development of new schools such as positive psychology. vv vv vv vv vv vv vv vv
vv
vv
DOWNLOAD THE Test Bank for Psychology Around Us 4th Edition Ogden
vv vv vv vv vv vv vv vv vv vv
nursytestbank.store
1 - 3vv vv vv
Test Bank for Psychology Around Us, Fourth Canadian Edition
vv vv vv vv vv vv vv vv vv
vv
Copyright © 2021 John Wiley & Sons Canada, Ltd. Unauthorized copying, distribution,
vv vv vv vv vv vv vv vv vv vv vv
or transmission of this page is prohibited
vv vv vv vv vv vv vv vv
TRUE-FALSE STATEMENTS vv vv
vv
,Copyright © 2021 John Wiley & Sons Canada, Ltd. Unauthorized copying, distribution,
vv vv vv vv vv vv vv vv vv vv vv
or transmission of this page is prohibited
vv vv vv vv vv vv vv vv
CHAPTER 1 vv vv
vv
PSYCHOLOGY: YESTERDAY AND TODAY vv vv vv vv
vv
CHAPTER LEARNING OBJECTIVES vv vv vv
vv
vv
1. Define psychology and describe the goals and levels of analysis psychologists use.
vv vv vv vv vv vv vv vv vv vv vv vv vv
• vv
Psychology is the study of mental processes and behaviour.
vv vv vv vv vv vv vv vv vv
• vv
The goals of psychology are to describe, explain, predict, and control behaviour and
vv vv vv vv vv vv vv vv vv vv vv vv
mental
vv vv
processes. Psychologists vary in the degree to which they focus on some of these
vv vv vv vv vv vv vv vv vv vv vv vv vv
goals
vv vv
more than others. vv vv vv
• vv
The study of psychology must occur at multiple levels, including the level of the
vv vv vv vv vv vv vv vv vv vv vv vv vv
brain (the
vv vv vv
biological activity associated with mental processes and behaviour), the level of the
vv vv vv vv vv vv vv vv vv vv vv
person
vv vv
(the content of mental processes), and the level of the group (social influences on
vv vv vv vv vv vv vv vv vv vv vv vv vv vv
behaviour). vv
vv
vv
2. Describe the influences of early myths and ancient Greek philosophies on
vv vv vv vv vv vv vv vv vv vv vv
psychology.
vv vv
• vv
Early explanations of human behaviour were rooted in superstition and magic.
vv vv vv vv vv vv vv vv vv vv vv
• vv
Later, philosophers, beginning with the ancient Greeks, tried to develop more
vv vv vv vv vv vv vv vv vv vv
objective
vv vv
theories of human consciousness and reality.
vv vv vv vv vv vv
• vv
The work of such early philosophers as Hippocrates, Socrates, Plato, and Aristotle
vv vv vv vv vv vv vv vv vv vv vv vv
contributed to the later formation of psychology as a natural science.
vv vv vv vv vv vv vv vv vv vv vv
vv
vv
3. Name important early psychologists and describe their major theories and research
vv vv vv vv vv vv vv vv vv vv vv
vv
methods. vv
• vv
The development of psychology has been strongly influenced by shifts in the social
vv vv vv vv vv vv vv vv vv vv vv vv vv
environment and development of new technology. vv vv vv vv vv vv
• vv
The first psychology laboratory was founded in Leipzig, Germany, by physiologist
vv vv vv vv vv vv vv vv vv vv
, Wilhelm
vv vv
Wundt. Wundt was interested in human consciousness and will, which he studied
vv vv vv vv vv vv vv vv vv vv vv
through
vv vv
small, structured activities that could be easily watched and replicated.
vv vv vv vv vv vv vv vv vv vv
• vv
Structuralism, a school of thought developed by one of Wundt’s students, relied upon
vv vv vv vv vv vv vv vv vv vv vv vv
the
vv vv
use of introspection, the careful observation of human perception. The goal of the
vv vv vv vv vv vv vv vv vv vv vv vv vv
structuralists was to find the smallest building blocks of consciousness.
vv vv vv vv vv vv vv vv vv vv
• vv
William James established the first psychology laboratory in the United States at
vv vv vv vv vv vv vv vv vv vv vv
Harvard.
vv vv
He helped shift the field’s focus to the functions of mental events and behaviours,
vv vv vv vv vv vv vv vv vv vv vv vv vv
forming a
vv vv vv
school of thought known as functionalism.
vv vv vv vv vv vv
• vv
Gestalt psychologists studied human tendencies to perceive pattern rather than
vv vv vv vv vv vv vv vv vv
dividing
vv vv
consciousness into its smallest parts. They focused on putting together the “parts,” or
vv vv vv vv vv vv vv vv vv vv vv vv
vv
individual sensations, to create a “whole” or perception that went beyond the sum of
vv vv vv vv vv vv vv vv vv vv vv vv vv
the
vv vv
parts. vv
vv
vv
4. Summarize the major principles of the psychoanalytical, behaviourist, humanistic,
vv vv vv vv vv vv vv vv vv vv
cognitive, and neuroscience approaches to psychology.
vv vv vv vv vv vv
• vv
Over the years, different fields of psychology emerged, with different ideas about
vv vv vv vv vv vv vv vv vv vv vv
what was
vv vv vv
the appropriate area of study for human psychology. Some of the most influential
vv vv vv vv vv vv vv vv vv vv vv vv
fields
vv vv
DOWNLOAD THE Test Bank for Psychology Around Us 4th Edition Ogden
vv vv vv vv vv vv vv vv vv vv
nursytestbank.store
vv
vv
vv
vv
vv
vv
Psychology: Yesterday and Today vv vv vv vv
1 - 2
vv vv vv vv vv vv vv
vv
Copyright © 2021 John Wiley & Sons Canada, Ltd. Unauthorized copying, distribution,
vv vv vv vv vv vv vv vv vv vv vv
or transmission of this page is prohibited
vv vv vv vv vv vv vv vv
were the psychoanalytic, behaviourist, humanistic, cognitive, and neuroscience schools
vv vv vv vv vv vv vv vv
of
vv vv
thought. vv
• vv
Sigmund Freud’s psychoanalytical theory focused on the importance of unconscious
vv vv vv vv vv vv vv vv vv
, mental
vv vv
processes. vv
• vv
Behaviourists believed strongly that psychology should restrict its focus to the careful
vv vv vv vv vv vv vv vv vv vv vv
study
vv vv
of observable behaviours.
vv vv vv
• vv
Humanistic psychologists reacted against the mechanical portrayals of people by the
vv vv vv vv vv vv vv vv vv vv vv
behaviourists and emphasized individuals’ potential for growth and self-actualization.
vv vv vv vv vv vv vv vv vv
• vv
Cognitive psychologists reignited interest in the study of mental processes, comparing
vv vv vv vv vv vv vv vv vv vv
the
vv vv
workings of the mind to the workings of computers.
vv vv vv vv vv vv vv vv vv
• vv
Biological science, including interest in the workings of the brain and in our genetic
vv vv vv vv vv vv vv vv vv vv vv vv vv vv
inheritance, was the major influence on neuroscience approaches.
vv vv vv vv vv vv vv vv
vv
vv
5. Describe the three major branches of psychology and summarize key trends in
vv vv vv vv vv vv vv vv vv vv vv vv vv
psychology. vv
• vv
The theoretical and cultural diversity of the field of psychology has increased
vv vv vv vv vv vv vv vv vv vv vv
dramatically
vv vv
over recent years. vv vv vv
• vv
There are three key branches of psychology: academic, applied, and
vv vv vv vv vv vv vv vv vv
clinical/counselling.
vv vv
• vv
Across the three branches and many specialty areas in psychology, psychologists are
vv vv vv vv vv vv vv vv vv vv vv vv
united by their shared values. Psychologists generally agree that psychology is theory-
vv vv vv vv vv vv vv vv vv vv vv
driven, empirical, multi-level, and contextual.
vv vv vv vv vv
• vv
Currently, psychology appears to be developing as a science in response to a growing
vv vv vv vv vv vv vv vv vv vv vv vv vv
vv
diversity throughout the field, advances in technology (such as brain scanning), and
vv vv vv vv vv vv vv vv vv vv vv
the
vv vv
development of new schools such as positive psychology. vv vv vv vv vv vv vv vv
vv
vv
DOWNLOAD THE Test Bank for Psychology Around Us 4th Edition Ogden
vv vv vv vv vv vv vv vv vv vv
nursytestbank.store
1 - 3vv vv vv
Test Bank for Psychology Around Us, Fourth Canadian Edition
vv vv vv vv vv vv vv vv vv
vv
Copyright © 2021 John Wiley & Sons Canada, Ltd. Unauthorized copying, distribution,
vv vv vv vv vv vv vv vv vv vv vv
or transmission of this page is prohibited
vv vv vv vv vv vv vv vv
TRUE-FALSE STATEMENTS vv vv
vv
