V
,Copyright © 2021 John Wiley & Sons Canada, Ltd. Unauthorized copying, distribution, or
v v v v v v v v v v v v
transmission of this page is prohibited
v v v v v v v
CHAPTER 1 v v
v
PSYCHOLOGY: YESTERDAY AND TODAY v v v v
v
CHAPTER LEARNING OBJECTIVES v v v
v
v
1. Define psychology and describe the goals and levels of analysis psychologists use.
v v v v v v v v v v v v v
• v
Psychology is the study of mental processes and behaviour.
v v v v v v v v v
• v
The goals of psychology are to describe, explain, predict, and control behaviour and mental
v v v v v v v v v v v v v
v
processes. Psychologists vary in the degree to which they focus on some of these goals
v v v v v v v v v v v v v v v
more than others. v v v
• v
The study of psychology must occur at multiple levels, including the level of the brain (the
v v v v v v v v v v v v v v v v
biological activity associated with mental processes and behaviour), the level of the person
v v v v v v v v v v v v
v
(the content of mental processes), and the level of the group (social influences on
v v v v v v v v v v v v v v
behaviour). v
v
v
2. Describe the influences of early myths and ancient Greek philosophies on psychology.
v v v v v v v v v v v v v
• v
Early explanations of human behaviour were rooted in superstition and magic.
v v v v v v v v v v v
• v
Later, philosophers, beginning with the ancient Greeks, tried to develop more objective
v v v v v v v v v v v v
theories of human consciousness and reality.
v v v v v v
• v
The work of such early philosophers as Hippocrates, Socrates, Plato, and Aristotle
v v v v v v v v v v v v
contributed to the later formation of psychology as a natural science.
v v v v v v v v v v v
v
v
3. Name important early psychologists and describe their major theories and research
v v v v v v v v v v v v
methods. v
• v
The development of psychology has been strongly influenced by shifts in the social
v v v v v v v v v v v v v
environment and development of new technology. v v v v v v
• v
The first psychology laboratory was founded in Leipzig, Germany, by physiologist Wilhelm
v v v v v v v v v v v v
Wundt. Wundt was interested in human consciousness and will, which he studied through
v v v v v v v v v v v v v
small, structured activities that could be easily watched and replicated.
v v v v v v v v v v
• v
Structuralism, a school of thought developed by one of Wundt’s students, relied upon the
v v v v v v v v v v v v v v
use of introspection, the careful observation of human perception. The goal of the
v v v v v v v v v v v v v
structuralists was to find the smallest building blocks of consciousness.
v v v v v v v v v v
,• v
William James established the first psychology laboratory in the United States at Harvard.
v v v v v v v v v v v v v
He helped shift the field’s focus to the functions of mental events and behaviours, forming
v v v v v v v v v v v v v v
va v
school of thought known as functionalism.
v v v v v v
• v
Gestalt psychologists studied human tendencies to perceive pattern rather than dividing
v v v v v v v v v v v
consciousness into its smallest parts. They focused on putting together the “parts,” or
v v v v v v v v v v v v v
individual sensations, to create a “whole” or perception that went beyond the sum of the
v v v v v v v v v v v v v v v
parts. v
v
v
4. Summarize the major principles of the psychoanalytical, behaviourist, humanistic,
v v v v v v v v v v
cognitive, and neuroscience approaches to psychology.
v v v v v v
• v
Over the years, different fields of psychology emerged, with different ideas about what was
v v v v v v v v v v v v v
v
the appropriate area of study for human psychology. Some of the most influential fields
v v v v v v v v v v v v v v
DOWNLOAD THE Test Bank for Psychology Around Us 4th Edition Ogden v v v v v v v v v v
nursytestbank.store
v
v
v
v
v
v
Psychology: Yesterday and Today v v v v
1-2
vvvv v v v
v
Copyright © 2021 John Wiley & Sons Canada, Ltd. Unauthorized copying, distribution, or
v v v v v v v v v v v v
vtransmission of this page is prohibited v v v v v v
were the psychoanalytic, behaviourist, humanistic, cognitive, and neuroscience schools of
v v v v v v v v v v
thought. v
• v
Sigmund Freud’s psychoanalytical theory focused on the importance of unconscious
v v v v v v v v v
vmental v
processes. v
• v
Behaviourists believed strongly that psychology should restrict its focus to the careful
v v v v v v v v v v v
vstudy v
of observable behaviours.
v v v
• v
Humanistic psychologists reacted against the mechanical portrayals of people by the
v v v v v v v v v v v
behaviourists and emphasized individuals’ potential for growth and self-actualization.
v v v v v v v v v
• v
Cognitive psychologists reignited interest in the study of mental processes, comparing the
v v v v v v v v v v v v
workings of the mind to the workings of computers. v v v v v v v v v
• v
Biological science, including interest in the workings of the brain and in our genetic
v v v v v v v v v v v v v v
inheritance, was the major influence on neuroscience approaches. v v v v v v v v
, v
v
5. Describe the three major branches of psychology and summarize key trends in
v v v v v v v v v v v v v
psychology. v
• v
The theoretical and cultural diversity of the field of psychology has increased dramatically
v v v v v v v v v v v v v
over recent years. v v v
• v
There are three key branches of psychology: academic, applied, and clinical/counselling.
v v v v v v v v v v v
• v
Across the three branches and many specialty areas in psychology, psychologists are
v v v v v v v v v v v v
united by their shared values. Psychologists generally agree that psychology is theory-
v v v v v v v v v v v
driven, empirical, multi-level, and contextual.
v v v v v
• v
Currently, psychology appears to be developing as a science in response to a growing
v v v v v v v v v v v v v v
diversity throughout the field, advances in technology (such as brain scanning), and the
v v v v v v v v v v v v v
development of new schools such as positive psychology. v v v v v v v v
v
v
DOWNLOAD THE Test Bank for Psychology Around Us 4th Edition Ogden
v v v v v v v v v v
nursytestbank.store
1-3 v v v
Test Bank for Psychology Around Us, Fourth Canadian Edition
v v v v v v v v v
v
Copyright © 2021 John Wiley & Sons Canada, Ltd. Unauthorized copying, distribution, or
v v v v v v v v v v v v
transmission of this page is prohibited
v v v v v v v
TRUE-FALSE STATEMENTS v v
v
v
1. Mental processes describe the activity of our brains when we are engaged in thinking.
v v v v v v v v v v v v v v v
v
Answer: True v v
v
Difficulty: Easy v v
Bloomcode: Knowledge v v
Learning Objective: Define psychology and describe the goals and levels of analysis
v v v v v v v v v v v v
psychologists use. v v
Section Reference: What Is Psychology?
v v v v v
v
v
2. The person level of analysis may include how intelligence or motivation influences
v v v v v v v v v v v v
behaviour.
v v
v
Answer: True v v
v
Difficulty: Easy v v
Bloomcode: Knowledge v v
Learning Objective: Define psychology and describe the goals and levels of analysis
v v v v v v v v v v v v
psychologists use. v v
Section Reference: What Is Psychology?
v v v v v
v
v
3. The history of psychology (and most other sciences) drew heavily on philosophy.
v v v v v v v v v v v v v
,Copyright © 2021 John Wiley & Sons Canada, Ltd. Unauthorized copying, distribution, or
v v v v v v v v v v v v
transmission of this page is prohibited
v v v v v v v
CHAPTER 1 v v
v
PSYCHOLOGY: YESTERDAY AND TODAY v v v v
v
CHAPTER LEARNING OBJECTIVES v v v
v
v
1. Define psychology and describe the goals and levels of analysis psychologists use.
v v v v v v v v v v v v v
• v
Psychology is the study of mental processes and behaviour.
v v v v v v v v v
• v
The goals of psychology are to describe, explain, predict, and control behaviour and mental
v v v v v v v v v v v v v
v
processes. Psychologists vary in the degree to which they focus on some of these goals
v v v v v v v v v v v v v v v
more than others. v v v
• v
The study of psychology must occur at multiple levels, including the level of the brain (the
v v v v v v v v v v v v v v v v
biological activity associated with mental processes and behaviour), the level of the person
v v v v v v v v v v v v
v
(the content of mental processes), and the level of the group (social influences on
v v v v v v v v v v v v v v
behaviour). v
v
v
2. Describe the influences of early myths and ancient Greek philosophies on psychology.
v v v v v v v v v v v v v
• v
Early explanations of human behaviour were rooted in superstition and magic.
v v v v v v v v v v v
• v
Later, philosophers, beginning with the ancient Greeks, tried to develop more objective
v v v v v v v v v v v v
theories of human consciousness and reality.
v v v v v v
• v
The work of such early philosophers as Hippocrates, Socrates, Plato, and Aristotle
v v v v v v v v v v v v
contributed to the later formation of psychology as a natural science.
v v v v v v v v v v v
v
v
3. Name important early psychologists and describe their major theories and research
v v v v v v v v v v v v
methods. v
• v
The development of psychology has been strongly influenced by shifts in the social
v v v v v v v v v v v v v
environment and development of new technology. v v v v v v
• v
The first psychology laboratory was founded in Leipzig, Germany, by physiologist Wilhelm
v v v v v v v v v v v v
Wundt. Wundt was interested in human consciousness and will, which he studied through
v v v v v v v v v v v v v
small, structured activities that could be easily watched and replicated.
v v v v v v v v v v
• v
Structuralism, a school of thought developed by one of Wundt’s students, relied upon the
v v v v v v v v v v v v v v
use of introspection, the careful observation of human perception. The goal of the
v v v v v v v v v v v v v
structuralists was to find the smallest building blocks of consciousness.
v v v v v v v v v v
,• v
William James established the first psychology laboratory in the United States at Harvard.
v v v v v v v v v v v v v
He helped shift the field’s focus to the functions of mental events and behaviours, forming
v v v v v v v v v v v v v v
va v
school of thought known as functionalism.
v v v v v v
• v
Gestalt psychologists studied human tendencies to perceive pattern rather than dividing
v v v v v v v v v v v
consciousness into its smallest parts. They focused on putting together the “parts,” or
v v v v v v v v v v v v v
individual sensations, to create a “whole” or perception that went beyond the sum of the
v v v v v v v v v v v v v v v
parts. v
v
v
4. Summarize the major principles of the psychoanalytical, behaviourist, humanistic,
v v v v v v v v v v
cognitive, and neuroscience approaches to psychology.
v v v v v v
• v
Over the years, different fields of psychology emerged, with different ideas about what was
v v v v v v v v v v v v v
v
the appropriate area of study for human psychology. Some of the most influential fields
v v v v v v v v v v v v v v
DOWNLOAD THE Test Bank for Psychology Around Us 4th Edition Ogden v v v v v v v v v v
nursytestbank.store
v
v
v
v
v
v
Psychology: Yesterday and Today v v v v
1-2
vvvv v v v
v
Copyright © 2021 John Wiley & Sons Canada, Ltd. Unauthorized copying, distribution, or
v v v v v v v v v v v v
vtransmission of this page is prohibited v v v v v v
were the psychoanalytic, behaviourist, humanistic, cognitive, and neuroscience schools of
v v v v v v v v v v
thought. v
• v
Sigmund Freud’s psychoanalytical theory focused on the importance of unconscious
v v v v v v v v v
vmental v
processes. v
• v
Behaviourists believed strongly that psychology should restrict its focus to the careful
v v v v v v v v v v v
vstudy v
of observable behaviours.
v v v
• v
Humanistic psychologists reacted against the mechanical portrayals of people by the
v v v v v v v v v v v
behaviourists and emphasized individuals’ potential for growth and self-actualization.
v v v v v v v v v
• v
Cognitive psychologists reignited interest in the study of mental processes, comparing the
v v v v v v v v v v v v
workings of the mind to the workings of computers. v v v v v v v v v
• v
Biological science, including interest in the workings of the brain and in our genetic
v v v v v v v v v v v v v v
inheritance, was the major influence on neuroscience approaches. v v v v v v v v
, v
v
5. Describe the three major branches of psychology and summarize key trends in
v v v v v v v v v v v v v
psychology. v
• v
The theoretical and cultural diversity of the field of psychology has increased dramatically
v v v v v v v v v v v v v
over recent years. v v v
• v
There are three key branches of psychology: academic, applied, and clinical/counselling.
v v v v v v v v v v v
• v
Across the three branches and many specialty areas in psychology, psychologists are
v v v v v v v v v v v v
united by their shared values. Psychologists generally agree that psychology is theory-
v v v v v v v v v v v
driven, empirical, multi-level, and contextual.
v v v v v
• v
Currently, psychology appears to be developing as a science in response to a growing
v v v v v v v v v v v v v v
diversity throughout the field, advances in technology (such as brain scanning), and the
v v v v v v v v v v v v v
development of new schools such as positive psychology. v v v v v v v v
v
v
DOWNLOAD THE Test Bank for Psychology Around Us 4th Edition Ogden
v v v v v v v v v v
nursytestbank.store
1-3 v v v
Test Bank for Psychology Around Us, Fourth Canadian Edition
v v v v v v v v v
v
Copyright © 2021 John Wiley & Sons Canada, Ltd. Unauthorized copying, distribution, or
v v v v v v v v v v v v
transmission of this page is prohibited
v v v v v v v
TRUE-FALSE STATEMENTS v v
v
v
1. Mental processes describe the activity of our brains when we are engaged in thinking.
v v v v v v v v v v v v v v v
v
Answer: True v v
v
Difficulty: Easy v v
Bloomcode: Knowledge v v
Learning Objective: Define psychology and describe the goals and levels of analysis
v v v v v v v v v v v v
psychologists use. v v
Section Reference: What Is Psychology?
v v v v v
v
v
2. The person level of analysis may include how intelligence or motivation influences
v v v v v v v v v v v v
behaviour.
v v
v
Answer: True v v
v
Difficulty: Easy v v
Bloomcode: Knowledge v v
Learning Objective: Define psychology and describe the goals and levels of analysis
v v v v v v v v v v v v
psychologists use. v v
Section Reference: What Is Psychology?
v v v v v
v
v
3. The history of psychology (and most other sciences) drew heavily on philosophy.
v v v v v v v v v v v v v
