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Test bank for Theories of personality 10th edition by Richard M. Ryckman Chapters 1-18 Complete ISBN 9780357671184 Newest Edition Instant PDF DOWNLOAD

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Test bank for Theories of personality 10th edition by Richard M. Ryckman Chapters 1-18 Complete ISBN 9780357671184 Newest Edition Instant PDF DOWNLOAD

Institution
Theory Of Personality
Course
Theory of personality











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Institution
Theory of personality
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Theory of personality

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1

,CHAPTER 1—PERSONALITY AND THE SCIENTIFIC OUTLOOK
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CHAPTER OUTLINE uff




I. Why study personality? The study of human personality helps us understand ourselves
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and other people better and gives us a greater appreciation for the complexity of
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human experience.
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II. Definition of Personality: Personality is the dynamic and organized set of
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characteristics possessed by an individual that uniquely influences his or her
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cognitions, motivations and behaviors in various situations.
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III. Personality and Science: Personality is a scientific enterprise concerned with the
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description, explanation, prediction, and control of events.
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A. Components of Science: Theories and Research Methods
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1. What are theories? A theory is a system of interrelated conceptual statements
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that are created by investigators to account for a phenomenon or a set of
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phenomena.
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2. Kinds of theories uff uff




a. inductive-sets of general summary statements about phenomena derived from facts. uff uff uff uff uff uff uff u ff uff




b. deductive-theories in which specific hypotheses are derived from abstract uff uff uff uff uff uff uff uff


propositions and then tested by the collection of data. Deductive theories
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consist of postulates, propositions, conceptual definitions, operational definitions,
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hypotheses, and empirical observations.
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1. postulates-the fundamental or core assumptions of a theory. They are taken as uff uff uff uff uff uff uff uff uff uff uff


self- evidently true in order to provide a clear and focused direction for
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theorizing and research.
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2. propositions- general relational statements that may be true or false. They are not uff uff uff uff uff uff uff uff uff uff uff uff


tested directly; instead, hypotheses are derived from them.
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3. hypotheses-specific propositions containing constructs that are conceptually defined uff uff uff uff uff uff uff


and operationalized so they can tested and confirmed or disconfirmed through
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empirical testing. Hypotheses are tentative theoretical statements about how events
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are related to one another, often stated as predictions.
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a. a prior predictions-predictions made before the collection of data.
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4. conceptual definitions- concepts in the hypotheses are defined precisely so that
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accurate measures of the concepts can be devised.
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5. operational definitions- procedures (or operations) used to define particular
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constructs.
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6. empirical observations-observations of phenomena made by investigators.
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2

,1V. Research Methods Used to Test Theories
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A.Experimental Method-technique for studying cause-and- effect relationships u f f uff uff uff uff uff


between variables. It involves the manipulation of independent variables and
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observation of the effects of the manipulation(s) on dependent variables.
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1. independent variables-the variables actively manipulated by the experimenter so
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that their effects on individual behavior can be observed.
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2. dependent variables-changes in behavior that occur as a result of the
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manipulation of conditions by an experimenter.
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3. control group-the group that does not receive the experimental treatment. It is
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designed to provide baseline data against which the effects of the experimental
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manipulation(s) on the dependent variable(s) can be accurately judged.
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B. Correlational Method-general procedure for establishing an association or u f f uff uff uff uff uff uff


relationship between events.
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1. positive correlation-increases in the scores on one variable are associated with
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increases in the scores on the other variable.
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2. negative correlation-increases in the scores on one variable are associated
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with decreases in the scores on the other.
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3. no relation-the distributions of scores on the two variables are random
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C. Case Study Method-technique involving the intensive study of a single person in
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order to understand his or her unique personality and behavior.
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1. post-hoc explanation-explanation of a phenomenon given after its occurrence.
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V. Ethics for Conducting Research
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A.informed consent-the practice of telling study participants about the nature of
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their participation in a proposed experiment and then obtaining their written
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agreement to participate.
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B. debriefing-informing u f f study participants of the true nature and purpose of a study
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after it is completed.
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VI. Criteria for Evaluating Theories
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A.Comprehensiveness-theories are judged as more adequate and useful if they u f f uff uff uff uff uff uff uff uff


encompass and account for a wide range and variety of phenomena.
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B. Precision and testability- adequate theories should contain constructs and
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relational statements that are clearly and explicitly stated and measured. Under
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such conditions, theories can be more accurately tested.
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C. Parsimony- adequate theories should be as economical as possible, while still
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adequately accounting for the phenomena in their domain.
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D.Empirical validity- the hypotheses of theories are tested by the collection of
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data to determine whether or not they are accurate.
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3

, E. Heuristic value- adequate theories should be challenging; they should stimulate new
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ideas and new research.
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F. Applied value- adequate theories are capable of providing creative solutions to
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problems that are of interest and concern to people in society.
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