MAJOR FIELD TEST BIOLOGY STUDY GUIDE 2025/2026 ACCURATE QUESTIONS AND VERIFIED CORRECT SOLUTIONS WITH RATIONALES || 100% GUARANTEED PASS <RECENT VERSION>

MAJOR FIELD TEST BIOLOGY STUDY GUIDE 2025/2026 ACCURATE QUESTIONS AND VERIFIED CORRECT SOLUTIONS WITH RATIONALES || 100% GUARANTEED PASS &lt;RECENT VERSION&gt; 1. Adaptive vs. Innate Immune Response - ANSWER Adaptive - "specific response" Has immunological memory Later response (3-7 days) Uses B and T cells Effectiveness increases with exposure Innate- "nonspecific response" 1st line of defense Response within 12 hours Lacks immunological memory 2. Mutualism - ANSWER Benefit to both partners Normally partners cannot live seperately 3. Cooperation - ANSWER A beneficial but not obligate form of symbiosis 4. Commensalism - ANSWER One partner benefits, the other is neither helped or harmed 5. Ammensalism - ANSWER The negative impact of one organism on another due to release of specific compounds 6. If a pathogen can be transmitted via direct contact it is ______ virulent compare to another pathogen that is vector-borne. - ANSWER Less virulent 7. Toxin - ANSWER Specific substance that alters the normal metabolism of the host cell 8. Autotrophs - ANSWER Carbon source from atmospheric CO2 9. Heterotrophs - ANSWER Carbon source from organic compounds 10. Phototrophs - ANSWER Energy source is light 11. Chemotrophs - ANSWER Energy source is from oxidation of chemical compounds 12. Lithotrophs - ANSWER Electron source from reduction of inorganic substances 13. Organotrophs - ANSWER Electron source from organic compounds 14. Passive diffusion - ANSWER Movement of small molecules across a cellular membrane to go from high concentration to low with the potential graduation - no energy required 15. Facilitated diffusion - ANSWER Use of a carrier protein to assist the transportation of molecules across the cellular membrane 16. Pure culture - ANSWER Assumption that all the cells grown on the plate have arose from one single ancestor cell 17. Defined Media - ANSWER Media in which all components of the mix are known 18. Complex Media - ANSWER Media in which all components are not known 19. Selective Media - ANSWER Media favors growth of specific microorganisms 20. Differentiated Media - ANSWER Media can will visually distinguish between groups of bacteria based on biological characterisitics 21. Binary Fission - ANSWER Reproductive strategy of most haploid bacteria/archaeal cells to create identical cells 1) cell elongates 2) replicates their chromosome 3)divides down middle with one chromosome in each new half 22. Bacterial Growth Stage 1: Lag Phase - ANSWER Time after the new introduction of bacteria on a new medium with no growth 23. Bacterial Growth Stage 2: Exponential Phase - ANSWER Microbes are now growing at a constant rate at maximum dividing rates 24. Bacterial Growth Stage 3: Stationary Phase - ANSWER Population growth ceases and the growth curve levels off 25. Bacterial Growth Stage 4: Death Phase - ANSWER Decrease in viable microorganisms due to depletion of sources (media, oxygen, food) 26. "4 Biomolecules and Monomers - ANSWER Protein (amino acids) Carbohydrates (simple sugars) Lipids (glycerol and fatty acids) Nuclei acids (nucleotides)" 27. dipeptides - ANSWER two amino acids bonded together 28. what is the general fatty acid formula - ANSWER CH3(CH2)nCOOH where n= an even number between 12 and 24 29. explain identifying saturated vs. unsaturated fats - ANSWER saturated: only single bonds in hydrocarbon chain... unsaturated: one or more double bonds 30. glycerides - ANSWER glycerol and 3 fatty acids 31. Levels of Protein Structure - ANSWER 1. order of amino acids 2. alpha helices or beta-pleated sheets 3. bonding b/w a.a. side chains 4. multi subunit structure 32. nucleotide is composed of - ANSWER phosphate group; sugar group; nitrogenous base 33. Vmax - ANSWER maximum reaction rate at which point substrate is saturated with enzyme 34. Feedback Inhibition - ANSWER end-product of enzyme catalyzed rxn. blocks original enz. 35. Competitive Inhibition - ANSWER molecules compete with substrate for enzyme's active sites 36. irreversible inhibitors - ANSWER chemically and covalently bind to active site; rendering it permanently inactive 37. psuedoirreversible inhibitors - ANSWER extremely high affinities for active site; hard to displace 38. noncompetitive inhibitors - ANSWER do not compete for active site but act elsewhere on enz.; altering 3D shape 39. photosynthesis - ANSWER anabolic process that converts sunlight into energy stored in the phosphate bonds of ATP, then more permanently stored in bonds of organic carbon compounds 40. electron transport chain - ANSWER series of carrier molecules on the inner mitochondrial membrane which pass electrons through enzymes that pump protons to one side of the membrane, creating a proton gradient 41. chemiosmosis - ANSWER the use of a gradient, such as a proton gradient, to generate energy. The ATP synthase enzyme uses the kinetic movement of protons down the gradient to store energy by converting ADP to ATP 42. ATP - ANSWER Adenosine tri phosphate, a modified nucleotide that stores energy in it's phosphate bonds.