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NR546 Psychopharmacology Week 5 |
UPDATE|COMPREHENSIVE MOST TESTED
QUESTIONS AND VERIFIED
SOLUTIONS|GET IT 100% ACCURATE!!
Major Depressive Disorder (MDD) common symptoms - (answers)depressed
mood, loss of interest or pleasure in daily activities, irritability, withdrawal, and
problems with sleep eating, energy, concentration, or self worth. Clients with
severe depression may experience thoughts of suicide or psychotic symptoms.
Bipolar Disorder - (answers)chronic condition characterized by extreme
fluctuations in mood, energy, and ability to function. May experience recurrent
episodes and remissions. Moods may be manic, hypomanic, or depressed. May be
a mixed mood or psychotic features. Most bipolar depression clients experience
depression symptoms and may have only one manic episode in their lifetime.
Diagnosed when a client has one or more episodes of mania or hypomania with a
history of one or more major depressive episodes. Associated with significant
morbidity and mortality. High risk for suicide. Correct and early diagnosis is
essential to prevent complications and maximize treatment response.
Bipolar I - (answers)Requires at least one episode of mania for at least one week
(or any duration if hospitalized due to symptoms is required).
Mania - (answers)characterized by a persistently elevated, expansive, or irritable
mood. Related symptoms may include inflated self esteem, increased goal
directed activity or energy, including grandiosity, decreased need for sleep,
excessive talkativeness, racing thoughts, flight of ideas, distractibility,
psychomotor agitation, and a propensity to be involved in high risk activities.
,2
Leads to significant functional impairment and may include psychotic features or
necessitate hospitalization.
Bipolar II - (answers)Diagnosis requires a current or past hypomanic episode and a
current or past major depressive episode. Symptoms last for at least 4 days but
fewer than 7. Hypomanic symptoms are not sufficient duration or severity to
cause significant functional impairment, psychosis, or hospitalization. Anger ad
irritability are common. Clients often enjoy the elevation of mood and are
reluctant to report these symptoms, making Bipolar more difficult to diagnose if
the client presents in the depression phase.
Cyclothymia - (answers)involves the chronic presentation of hypomanic and
depressive symptoms that do not meet the diagnostic criteria for a major
depressive or main/hypomanic episode.
Mood Related Symptoms - (answers)may be characterized as having too little
positive affect, or too much negative affect.
Positive affect - (answers)Dopamine (DA) Norepinephrine (NE) dysfunction
Negative Affect - (answers)5-Hydroxytrpytamine (5HT) Norepinephrine (NE)
Dysfunction
Decreased positive Affect: DA, NE Dysfunction - (answers)Depressed mood
loss of joy
,3
lack of interest
loss of energy
decreased alertness
decreased self confidence
appetite changes
Increased Negative Affect: 5HT, NE Dysfunction - (answers)depressed mood
guilt
fear/anxiety
hostility
irritability
loneliness
appetite changes
Neurobiological Basis: Genetics - (answers)MDD and BD are heritable disorders.
Genetic factors contribute 31-42% of the disease risk in MDD and 59-85% in BD.
Causes of mood disorders are complex and likely involve interaction between
genetic/epigenetic, biological, psychological, and social factors including:
dysfunctions in brain
imbalance of neurotransmitters
life events
abuse or trauma
substance use or medication
, 4
menstruation
season changes
Neurobiological Basis: Neuroanatomy - (answers)Inefficient information
processing by one or more brain circuits may result in mood disorder symptoms
Neurobiological Basis: Neural Networks - (answers)Classic Monoamine hypothesis
or depression posits that depression occurs as a result of a deficiency of one or all
three monoamine transmitters (serotonin, norepinephrine, and dopamine), while
mania may result from an excess. Stahl acknowledged that depression is more
complex than this but it is helpful in understanding the physiological functioning
of these NTs. Emphasis is now shifted to from the monoamine receptors and
other downstream events such as regulation of gene expression, growth factors,
environmental factors, and epigenetic changes.
Neurobiological Basis: Neural Signaling - (answers)Three principial NTs (NE, DA,
and 5HT) have implications for the pathophysiology and treatment of mood
disorders. These NTs are monoamines. Monoamines work in concert and
comprise the monoamine NT system. Many of the symptoms of odd disorders are
hypothesized to involve dysfunction of various combinations of monoamine NTs.
All know pharmacologic treatments for mood disorders act upon one or more of
these three NTs.
What diagnostic symptoms in MDD present when prefrontal cortex is involved -
(answers)Concentration
Mental Fatigue
Mood
NR546 Psychopharmacology Week 5 |
UPDATE|COMPREHENSIVE MOST TESTED
QUESTIONS AND VERIFIED
SOLUTIONS|GET IT 100% ACCURATE!!
Major Depressive Disorder (MDD) common symptoms - (answers)depressed
mood, loss of interest or pleasure in daily activities, irritability, withdrawal, and
problems with sleep eating, energy, concentration, or self worth. Clients with
severe depression may experience thoughts of suicide or psychotic symptoms.
Bipolar Disorder - (answers)chronic condition characterized by extreme
fluctuations in mood, energy, and ability to function. May experience recurrent
episodes and remissions. Moods may be manic, hypomanic, or depressed. May be
a mixed mood or psychotic features. Most bipolar depression clients experience
depression symptoms and may have only one manic episode in their lifetime.
Diagnosed when a client has one or more episodes of mania or hypomania with a
history of one or more major depressive episodes. Associated with significant
morbidity and mortality. High risk for suicide. Correct and early diagnosis is
essential to prevent complications and maximize treatment response.
Bipolar I - (answers)Requires at least one episode of mania for at least one week
(or any duration if hospitalized due to symptoms is required).
Mania - (answers)characterized by a persistently elevated, expansive, or irritable
mood. Related symptoms may include inflated self esteem, increased goal
directed activity or energy, including grandiosity, decreased need for sleep,
excessive talkativeness, racing thoughts, flight of ideas, distractibility,
psychomotor agitation, and a propensity to be involved in high risk activities.
,2
Leads to significant functional impairment and may include psychotic features or
necessitate hospitalization.
Bipolar II - (answers)Diagnosis requires a current or past hypomanic episode and a
current or past major depressive episode. Symptoms last for at least 4 days but
fewer than 7. Hypomanic symptoms are not sufficient duration or severity to
cause significant functional impairment, psychosis, or hospitalization. Anger ad
irritability are common. Clients often enjoy the elevation of mood and are
reluctant to report these symptoms, making Bipolar more difficult to diagnose if
the client presents in the depression phase.
Cyclothymia - (answers)involves the chronic presentation of hypomanic and
depressive symptoms that do not meet the diagnostic criteria for a major
depressive or main/hypomanic episode.
Mood Related Symptoms - (answers)may be characterized as having too little
positive affect, or too much negative affect.
Positive affect - (answers)Dopamine (DA) Norepinephrine (NE) dysfunction
Negative Affect - (answers)5-Hydroxytrpytamine (5HT) Norepinephrine (NE)
Dysfunction
Decreased positive Affect: DA, NE Dysfunction - (answers)Depressed mood
loss of joy
,3
lack of interest
loss of energy
decreased alertness
decreased self confidence
appetite changes
Increased Negative Affect: 5HT, NE Dysfunction - (answers)depressed mood
guilt
fear/anxiety
hostility
irritability
loneliness
appetite changes
Neurobiological Basis: Genetics - (answers)MDD and BD are heritable disorders.
Genetic factors contribute 31-42% of the disease risk in MDD and 59-85% in BD.
Causes of mood disorders are complex and likely involve interaction between
genetic/epigenetic, biological, psychological, and social factors including:
dysfunctions in brain
imbalance of neurotransmitters
life events
abuse or trauma
substance use or medication
, 4
menstruation
season changes
Neurobiological Basis: Neuroanatomy - (answers)Inefficient information
processing by one or more brain circuits may result in mood disorder symptoms
Neurobiological Basis: Neural Networks - (answers)Classic Monoamine hypothesis
or depression posits that depression occurs as a result of a deficiency of one or all
three monoamine transmitters (serotonin, norepinephrine, and dopamine), while
mania may result from an excess. Stahl acknowledged that depression is more
complex than this but it is helpful in understanding the physiological functioning
of these NTs. Emphasis is now shifted to from the monoamine receptors and
other downstream events such as regulation of gene expression, growth factors,
environmental factors, and epigenetic changes.
Neurobiological Basis: Neural Signaling - (answers)Three principial NTs (NE, DA,
and 5HT) have implications for the pathophysiology and treatment of mood
disorders. These NTs are monoamines. Monoamines work in concert and
comprise the monoamine NT system. Many of the symptoms of odd disorders are
hypothesized to involve dysfunction of various combinations of monoamine NTs.
All know pharmacologic treatments for mood disorders act upon one or more of
these three NTs.
What diagnostic symptoms in MDD present when prefrontal cortex is involved -
(answers)Concentration
Mental Fatigue
Mood
