ADJ 107 Midterm Test Questions Answered Correctly Latest Update

ADJ 107 Midterm Test Questions Answered Correctly Latest Update Criminology - Answers Is a multidisciplinary science involving: sociology, criminal justice, political science, psychology, public policy, economics, and biological aspects. Attempts to describe origins, the extent and nature of a crime within society Criminal Justice - Answers Includes the study of the agencies of social control within society such as police courts and corrections Theory - Answers Set on interconnected statements or propositions that explain how two or more events or factors are related to one another Self-Stigma - Answers Occurs when negative social attitudes are internalized, subsequently harming a person's self-esteem, and including shame ID - Answers The pleasure principle, which involves instant gratification without concern for the rights of others Chicago School - Answers Does not believe criminal behavior is a result of individual traits, rather a function of personal choices combined with environmental conditions Status Frustration - Answers Allows youth to join gangs, commit crime, and engage in deviant behavior Ego - Answers Is created early in life, when a child begins to realize he or she cannot always obtain instant gratification Super Ego - Answers Is the moral aspect of an individual's personality, which passes judgments on different types of behavior Percent of the Population is Considered Psychopathic - Answers 1% Specific Deterrence - Answers States after a criminal offender receives shift, certain, and powerful sanctions he or she will not repeat the criminal acts General Deterrence - Answers Based on perceptions of future punishments, whereas specific deterrence is based on the actual punishment Recidivism - Answers Repeating criminal behavior or actions. Jean Piaget's Reasoning Process - Answers An individual's reasoning processes developed at birth and continue until 12 years old and older Critical Feminists Beliefs of Female Sexual Victimization - Answers Believe sexual victimization of girls is a product of male socialization Egalitarian Family - Answers Husband and wives share similar positions of power at home and at the workplace. Daughters have more freedom, which is reflected in reduced parental control and more female delinquency Patriarchal Family - Answers Devalue women's contributions to families and only focus on financial contributions commonly by males Principles of the Differential Association Theory - Answers All individuals within society share the same success goals, but those in the lower class have limited means of achieving the goals Psychological and Emotional Costs of Crime - Answers Are frequently underestimated along with the impact on victims National Incident-Based Reporting System - Answers Requires local police departments to provide additional information including at least a brief account of each incident arrest, including the incident, victim, and offender information. National Crime Victimization Survey - Answers 20 million individuals are victimized each year National Coalition Against Domestic Violence - Answers Women who have been abused are fifteen times more likely to abuse alcohol and nine times more likely to abuse drugs than women who have not been abused Uniform Crime Report - Answers Most widely cited source of official criminal statistics method. (more than 20% of all reported index crimes are cleared by arrest each year. Less than 40% of all criminal incidents are reported to the police) Self-Reporting Surveys - Answers Are given anonymously. Ask individuals to describe in detail, their lifetime participation in criminal activity. Has several disadvantages such as over and under reporting. Many individuals exaggerate their criminal activity or fail to recognize their criminal behavior Dark Figure of Crime - Answers Is the amount of crime NOT reported to the authorities, thus not included in statistical research Descriptive Research - Answers Incorporates the researchers' knowledge with the issue and describes the problem or topic. Most common form of research Explanatory Research - Answers Involves psychologists and social scientists interested in clarifying the "why" of a given phenomenon, such as why a specific rehabilitative treatment programs are more effective for reducing recidivism for certain categories of offenders Applied Research - Answers Involves evaluating the effectiveness or impact of a policy Deviant Behavior - Answers Behavior that is not accepted by cultural norms Crisis Intervention - Answers Involves emergency psychological care directed at assisting a victim who is experiencing a crisis Cycle of Violence - Answers Suggests a repetitive cultural of violence and abuse is a prime example of how victimization can lead to anti-social behavior Victimization - Answers Has long lasting effects on various behaviors of victims such as: seeking revenge, causing stress, causing social problems. (gender, age, social status, and race play a role) Victims - Answers Can also turn to alcohol and drugs as a method of coping with both the physical and psychological pain (individual risk of victimization diminishes rapidly after age 25) Fear: Can be increased by media sensationalizing crime within the community Fear - Answers Can be increased by media sensationalizing crime within the community Get Tough Movement - Answers Reviewed elements of free will and harsh punishment the neoclassical school of thought emerged Displacement - Answers Involves deflecting crime to another geographic location