TEST BANK
TEST BANK
, Contents
Introduction to the Test Bank .............................. 1
1. Perspectives on Learning . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2
2. Learning and the Brain . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6
3. Behaviorist Principles and Theories. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13
4. Applications of Behaviorist Principles . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34
5. Social Cognitive Theory . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 51
6. Introduction to Cognitive Perspectives . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 68
7. Long-Term Memory Storage and Retrieval Processes . . . . . . . . . 88
8. The Nature of Knowledge . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 106
9. Cognitive-Developmental Perspectives . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 122
10. Sociocultural Theories . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 132
11. Contemporary Contextual Frameworks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 143
12. Metacognition, Self-Regulated Learning, and Study Strategies 152
13. Transfer, Problem Solving, and Critical Thinking . . . . . . . . . . 166
14. Learning and Technology . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 185
15. Basic Concepts and Principles in Human Motivation . . . . . . . . . 191
16. Cognitive Factors in Motivation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 209
1-15. Integrative Essay Questions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 228
iii
, Chapter 1 – Perspectives on Learning
CHAPTER 1
PERSPECTIVES ON LEARNING
Multiple Choice Questions
1. Human beings undoubtedly learn more during the course of a lifetime than any
other species on earth. The major result of this capacity to learn is that:
a. New instincts begin to emerge.
b. Human thought becomes less logical with each generation.
c. Humans can benefit from their experiences.
d. Humans are the only species whose behavior cannot be analyzed in terms
of stimuli and responses.
2. Three of the following are examples of learning. Which one is not?
a. Abigail cries when she steps on a sharp pebble.
b. After many hours of heated debate, Brian begins to advocate political
practices he has previously opposed.
c. Cara suddenly recognizes how the division fact “24 ÷ 4 = 6” is related to
the multiplication fact “6 x 4 = 24.”
d. David has been running away from German shepherds ever since he was
bitten by a German shepherd two years ago.
3. Reynelda has trouble tracing a complex shape with a pencil when she is in
kindergarten, but she can do it quite well by the time she is in second grade. Is
this an instance of learning?
a. Yes, because her behavior has changed.
b. No, because the circumstances are too dissimilar.
c. Maybe, although the change may simply be due to physiological
maturation.
d. Maybe, but only if she is being reinforced for tracing accurately.
2
Copyright © 2020, 2016, 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved
, Chapter 1 – Perspectives on Learning
4. Three of the following illustrate various ways that learning might be reflected in a
person’s behavior. Which one of the following changes does not necessarily
reflect learning?
a. Although it’s a school night, Dean plays video games until well past his
usual bedtime. As he becomes more tired, he finds it increasingly difficult
to concentrate on what he’s doing.
b. Even as a young child, Jerry could tell you that his grandparents
immigrated to the United States from Ireland. But after a conversation
with his grandmother, he can now describe the circumstances of the
family’s immigration in considerable detail.
c. Day after day, Martin practices his basketball skills (shooting, dribbling,
etc.) on a basketball court at a local park. With each practice session, his
movements become faster and smoother.
d. Lewis occasionally asks for help when he has difficulty with his
classwork, but most of the time he just struggles quietly on his own. After
his teacher assures him that asking for help is not a sign of weakness or
inability, he begins asking for help much more frequently.
5. _____________ research examines learning in tightly controlled settings and
___________ research examines learning in real-world settings.
a. Applied; Basic
b. Basic; Qualitative
c. Qualitative; Applied
d. Basic; Applied
6. Which of the following would be an example of a qualitative research study of
learning?
a. A researcher interviews 25 students about their experiences learning
science.
b. A researcher gives 500 students in a History course a pre-test at the
beginning of the semester, and a post-test at the end, to determine how
much they learned.
c. A researcher brings volunteers into her lab to demonstrate a new learning
strategy, and measures how well they implement the strategy on tasks that
they perform while there.
d. A researcher goes to a local middle school to demonstrate a new learning
strategy, and surveys students to determine how useful they believe the
strategy to be.
7. A principle of learning can best be characterized as:
a. A description of the results of a particular research study
3
Copyright © 2020, 2016, 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved
TEST BANK
, Contents
Introduction to the Test Bank .............................. 1
1. Perspectives on Learning . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2
2. Learning and the Brain . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6
3. Behaviorist Principles and Theories. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13
4. Applications of Behaviorist Principles . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34
5. Social Cognitive Theory . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 51
6. Introduction to Cognitive Perspectives . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 68
7. Long-Term Memory Storage and Retrieval Processes . . . . . . . . . 88
8. The Nature of Knowledge . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 106
9. Cognitive-Developmental Perspectives . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 122
10. Sociocultural Theories . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 132
11. Contemporary Contextual Frameworks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 143
12. Metacognition, Self-Regulated Learning, and Study Strategies 152
13. Transfer, Problem Solving, and Critical Thinking . . . . . . . . . . 166
14. Learning and Technology . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 185
15. Basic Concepts and Principles in Human Motivation . . . . . . . . . 191
16. Cognitive Factors in Motivation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 209
1-15. Integrative Essay Questions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 228
iii
, Chapter 1 – Perspectives on Learning
CHAPTER 1
PERSPECTIVES ON LEARNING
Multiple Choice Questions
1. Human beings undoubtedly learn more during the course of a lifetime than any
other species on earth. The major result of this capacity to learn is that:
a. New instincts begin to emerge.
b. Human thought becomes less logical with each generation.
c. Humans can benefit from their experiences.
d. Humans are the only species whose behavior cannot be analyzed in terms
of stimuli and responses.
2. Three of the following are examples of learning. Which one is not?
a. Abigail cries when she steps on a sharp pebble.
b. After many hours of heated debate, Brian begins to advocate political
practices he has previously opposed.
c. Cara suddenly recognizes how the division fact “24 ÷ 4 = 6” is related to
the multiplication fact “6 x 4 = 24.”
d. David has been running away from German shepherds ever since he was
bitten by a German shepherd two years ago.
3. Reynelda has trouble tracing a complex shape with a pencil when she is in
kindergarten, but she can do it quite well by the time she is in second grade. Is
this an instance of learning?
a. Yes, because her behavior has changed.
b. No, because the circumstances are too dissimilar.
c. Maybe, although the change may simply be due to physiological
maturation.
d. Maybe, but only if she is being reinforced for tracing accurately.
2
Copyright © 2020, 2016, 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved
, Chapter 1 – Perspectives on Learning
4. Three of the following illustrate various ways that learning might be reflected in a
person’s behavior. Which one of the following changes does not necessarily
reflect learning?
a. Although it’s a school night, Dean plays video games until well past his
usual bedtime. As he becomes more tired, he finds it increasingly difficult
to concentrate on what he’s doing.
b. Even as a young child, Jerry could tell you that his grandparents
immigrated to the United States from Ireland. But after a conversation
with his grandmother, he can now describe the circumstances of the
family’s immigration in considerable detail.
c. Day after day, Martin practices his basketball skills (shooting, dribbling,
etc.) on a basketball court at a local park. With each practice session, his
movements become faster and smoother.
d. Lewis occasionally asks for help when he has difficulty with his
classwork, but most of the time he just struggles quietly on his own. After
his teacher assures him that asking for help is not a sign of weakness or
inability, he begins asking for help much more frequently.
5. _____________ research examines learning in tightly controlled settings and
___________ research examines learning in real-world settings.
a. Applied; Basic
b. Basic; Qualitative
c. Qualitative; Applied
d. Basic; Applied
6. Which of the following would be an example of a qualitative research study of
learning?
a. A researcher interviews 25 students about their experiences learning
science.
b. A researcher gives 500 students in a History course a pre-test at the
beginning of the semester, and a post-test at the end, to determine how
much they learned.
c. A researcher brings volunteers into her lab to demonstrate a new learning
strategy, and measures how well they implement the strategy on tasks that
they perform while there.
d. A researcher goes to a local middle school to demonstrate a new learning
strategy, and surveys students to determine how useful they believe the
strategy to be.
7. A principle of learning can best be characterized as:
a. A description of the results of a particular research study
3
Copyright © 2020, 2016, 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved
