BIO 351: Exam 1 Questions With Complete Solutions
-How do sea urchins get there gametes together? Correct
Answer Through chemoattraction
3 types of induction Correct Answer Instructive, Permissive,
and Reciprocal
5 main events of prophase 1 Correct Answer -LZPD (Lizard
PD)
Lepotene, Zygotene, Pachytene, Diplotene
Acrosome/egg interaction in sea urchins Correct Answer -
initiated by acrosome and egg jelly carbohydrate interaction
-carboydrates bind to receptors on acrosome
-calcium enters sperm head causing fusion of acrosomal
membrane and sperm cell membrane
-exocytosis of acrosomal vesicle bores hold in egg cell
membrane
AER Correct Answer -Apical ectodermal ridge
-inducer for proximal-distal outgrowth
-needed for limb bud outgrowth
Ampulla region Correct Answer Site of fertilization in
mammals
Anatomical position Correct Answer Palms facing forward
thumbs pointing up
,Anatomy of spermatozoa Correct Answer -has nucleus and
acrosomal vesicle with propulsion system
-has enzymes in acrosomal vesicle that digests proteins/sugars
used to lyse over coming of egg.
APX-1 ? Correct Answer -Expressed by P2 cells
-DELTA-like protein
-necessary for conditional specification of ABp lineage
Autocrine Signaling Correct Answer Target sites on the same
cell
Autonomous Specification Correct Answer -signal factors
come from parent cells to achieve fate.
-environmental factors dont matter
Be able to explain how Cre/loxp are used in genome editing.
Correct Answer Cre/loxp:
-Cre = site-specific recombinase from bacteriophage P1.
-LoxP site = where the exchange of 34 bp target sequences are
catalyzed in CONDITIONAL mutagenesis.
RESULT = Genetic material can translocate, delete, or invert.
HOW ITS DONE:
-need two separate mice
-one has Cre-recombinase on promoter region only on albumin
gene
-the other has the Hnf4na trans. factor replaced with a gene with
the second exon flanked with loxP gene.
, -mice mate and in mice that contain Cre-recombinase, they bind
to loxP sequence.... develop in liver cells lacking in functional
Hnf4a gene
Be able to explain how CRISPR/Cas9 are used in genome
editing. Correct Answer CRISPR = Clustered Regulatory
Interspaced Short Palindromic Repeat
Cas-9 = CRISPR - associated nuclease
-enabling the organisms to respond to and eliminate invading
genetic material
invading DNA from viruses or plasmids is cut into small
fragments and incorporated into a CRISPR locus amidst a series
of short repeats (around 20 bps). The loci are transcribed, and
transcripts are then processed to generate small RNAs (crRNA -
CRISPR RNA), which are used to guide effector endonucleases
that target invading DNA based on sequence complementarity
Blastocyst Correct Answer -a structure formed in the early
development of mammals
-The outer layer of the blastocyst consists of cells collectively
called the trophoblast. This layer surrounds the inner cell mass
and a fluid-filled cavity known as the blastocoele. The
trophoblast gives rise to the placenta.
Brenner, Horvitz, Sulston Correct Answer discovery
concerning genetic regulation of organ development and
programmed cell death
-How do sea urchins get there gametes together? Correct
Answer Through chemoattraction
3 types of induction Correct Answer Instructive, Permissive,
and Reciprocal
5 main events of prophase 1 Correct Answer -LZPD (Lizard
PD)
Lepotene, Zygotene, Pachytene, Diplotene
Acrosome/egg interaction in sea urchins Correct Answer -
initiated by acrosome and egg jelly carbohydrate interaction
-carboydrates bind to receptors on acrosome
-calcium enters sperm head causing fusion of acrosomal
membrane and sperm cell membrane
-exocytosis of acrosomal vesicle bores hold in egg cell
membrane
AER Correct Answer -Apical ectodermal ridge
-inducer for proximal-distal outgrowth
-needed for limb bud outgrowth
Ampulla region Correct Answer Site of fertilization in
mammals
Anatomical position Correct Answer Palms facing forward
thumbs pointing up
,Anatomy of spermatozoa Correct Answer -has nucleus and
acrosomal vesicle with propulsion system
-has enzymes in acrosomal vesicle that digests proteins/sugars
used to lyse over coming of egg.
APX-1 ? Correct Answer -Expressed by P2 cells
-DELTA-like protein
-necessary for conditional specification of ABp lineage
Autocrine Signaling Correct Answer Target sites on the same
cell
Autonomous Specification Correct Answer -signal factors
come from parent cells to achieve fate.
-environmental factors dont matter
Be able to explain how Cre/loxp are used in genome editing.
Correct Answer Cre/loxp:
-Cre = site-specific recombinase from bacteriophage P1.
-LoxP site = where the exchange of 34 bp target sequences are
catalyzed in CONDITIONAL mutagenesis.
RESULT = Genetic material can translocate, delete, or invert.
HOW ITS DONE:
-need two separate mice
-one has Cre-recombinase on promoter region only on albumin
gene
-the other has the Hnf4na trans. factor replaced with a gene with
the second exon flanked with loxP gene.
, -mice mate and in mice that contain Cre-recombinase, they bind
to loxP sequence.... develop in liver cells lacking in functional
Hnf4a gene
Be able to explain how CRISPR/Cas9 are used in genome
editing. Correct Answer CRISPR = Clustered Regulatory
Interspaced Short Palindromic Repeat
Cas-9 = CRISPR - associated nuclease
-enabling the organisms to respond to and eliminate invading
genetic material
invading DNA from viruses or plasmids is cut into small
fragments and incorporated into a CRISPR locus amidst a series
of short repeats (around 20 bps). The loci are transcribed, and
transcripts are then processed to generate small RNAs (crRNA -
CRISPR RNA), which are used to guide effector endonucleases
that target invading DNA based on sequence complementarity
Blastocyst Correct Answer -a structure formed in the early
development of mammals
-The outer layer of the blastocyst consists of cells collectively
called the trophoblast. This layer surrounds the inner cell mass
and a fluid-filled cavity known as the blastocoele. The
trophoblast gives rise to the placenta.
Brenner, Horvitz, Sulston Correct Answer discovery
concerning genetic regulation of organ development and
programmed cell death
