NURS 5315 Advanced Pathophysiology
Exam 1 Study Guide | Latest Questions &
Answers 2025
Atrophy - ---✔✔✔ANSWER----E. Cells decrease in size
P. Still functional; imbalance between protein synthesis and degradation.
Essentially there is an increase in the catabolism of intracellular organelles,
reducing structural components of cell
Physiologic: thymus gland in early childhood
Pathological: disuse (muscle atrophy d/ decrease workload, pressure, use, blood
supply, nutrition, hormonal stimulation, or nervous stimulation)
Hyperplasia - ---✔✔✔ANSWER----E: cells increase in number, mitosis
(cell division) must occur, size of cell does not change
Phys: increased rate of division, increase in tissue mass after damage or partial
resection; may be compensatory, hormonal, or pathologic
,Patho: abnormal proliferation of normal cells usually caused by increased
hormonal stimulation (endometrial). increase of production of local growth factors
Ex: removal of part of the liver lead to hyperplasia of hepatocytes. uterine or
mammary gland enlargement during pregnancy
Dysplasia - ---✔✔✔ANSWER----E. Not true adaptation; Cells abnormal
change in size, shape, organization (classified as mild, moderate, severe)
P. caused by cell injury/irritation, characterized by disordered cell growth. aka
atypical hyperplasia or pre-cancer, a disorderly proliferation
Physiologic: N/A
Pathologic: squamous dysplasia of cervix from HPV shows up on pap smear,
breast cancer development; pap smears often show dysplastic cells of the cervix
that must undergo laser/surgical tx
Metaplasia - ---✔✔✔ANSWER----E: reversible change, one type of cell
changes to another type for survival
P: reversible; results from exposure of the cells to chronic stressors, injury, or
irritation; Cancer can arise from this area, stimulus induces a reprogramming of
stem cells under the influence of cytokines and growth factors
Ex: Patho: Columnar cells change to squamous cells in lungs of smoker or normal
ciliated epithelial cells of the bronchial linings are replaced by stratified squamous
epithelial cells.; Phys: Barrett Esophagus- normal squamous cells change to
columnar epithelial cells in response to reflux, aka intestinal metaplasia
Hypoxia injury - ---✔✔✔ANSWER----E. inadequate oxygenation of tissues
P. decrease in mitochondrial function, decreased production of ATP increases
anaerobic metabolism. eventual cell death.
,C.M. hypoxia, cyanosis, cognitive impairment, lethargy
Free radical and ROS - ---✔✔✔ANSWER----E. normal byproduct of ATP
production, will overwhelm the mitochondria- exhaust intracellular antioxidants
P. lipid peroxidation, damage proteins, fragment DNA
C.M. development in Alzheimer's, heart disease, Parkinson's disease, Amyotrophic
Lateral Sclerosis
Ethanol - ---✔✔✔ANSWER----E. mood altering drug, long term effects on
liver and nutritional status
P. metabolized by liver, generates free radicals
C.M. CNS depression, nutrient deficiencies-Mag, Vit B6, thiamine, PO4,
inflammation and fatty infiltration of liver, hepatomegaly, leads to liver failure
irreversible
Oncosis - ---✔✔✔ANSWER----Na and H2O enter cell and cause swelling.
Organ increases in weight, becomes distended and pale. Associated with high
fever, hypocalcemia, certain infections
Fatty Infiltration - ---✔✔✔ANSWER----intracellular accumulation of lipids
in the liver
liver fails to metabolize lipids. usually from ETOH or high fat diet. can lead to
cirrhosis
dystrophic calcification - ---✔✔✔ANSWER----accumulation of Ca in dead
or dying tissues
, calcium salt clump and harden- interfere with cellular structure and function
r/t pulmonary TB, atherosclerosis, injured heart valves, chronic pancreatitis
metastatic calcification - ---✔✔✔ANSWER----accumulation of Ca in
normal tissue
result of hypercalcemia r/t hyperparathyroidism, hyperthyroidism, toxic levels of
Vit D. Can also r/t hyperphosphatemia in renal failure
urate accumulation - ---✔✔✔ANSWER----sodium urate crystals are
deposited in tissues- group of disorders collectively called gout- acute arthritis,
chronic gouty arthritis, tophus, nephritis
Coagulative Necrosis - ---✔✔✔ANSWER----kidneys, heart, adrenals-
secondary to hypoxia
Liquefactive Necrosis - ---✔✔✔ANSWER----nerve cells- brain-
accumulation of pus
Caseous Necrosis - ---✔✔✔ANSWER----lung disease- usually TB- tissue
looks like clumped cheese
Fat Necrosis - ---✔✔✔ANSWER----breast, pancreas, abdominal structures-
creates soaps
Exam 1 Study Guide | Latest Questions &
Answers 2025
Atrophy - ---✔✔✔ANSWER----E. Cells decrease in size
P. Still functional; imbalance between protein synthesis and degradation.
Essentially there is an increase in the catabolism of intracellular organelles,
reducing structural components of cell
Physiologic: thymus gland in early childhood
Pathological: disuse (muscle atrophy d/ decrease workload, pressure, use, blood
supply, nutrition, hormonal stimulation, or nervous stimulation)
Hyperplasia - ---✔✔✔ANSWER----E: cells increase in number, mitosis
(cell division) must occur, size of cell does not change
Phys: increased rate of division, increase in tissue mass after damage or partial
resection; may be compensatory, hormonal, or pathologic
,Patho: abnormal proliferation of normal cells usually caused by increased
hormonal stimulation (endometrial). increase of production of local growth factors
Ex: removal of part of the liver lead to hyperplasia of hepatocytes. uterine or
mammary gland enlargement during pregnancy
Dysplasia - ---✔✔✔ANSWER----E. Not true adaptation; Cells abnormal
change in size, shape, organization (classified as mild, moderate, severe)
P. caused by cell injury/irritation, characterized by disordered cell growth. aka
atypical hyperplasia or pre-cancer, a disorderly proliferation
Physiologic: N/A
Pathologic: squamous dysplasia of cervix from HPV shows up on pap smear,
breast cancer development; pap smears often show dysplastic cells of the cervix
that must undergo laser/surgical tx
Metaplasia - ---✔✔✔ANSWER----E: reversible change, one type of cell
changes to another type for survival
P: reversible; results from exposure of the cells to chronic stressors, injury, or
irritation; Cancer can arise from this area, stimulus induces a reprogramming of
stem cells under the influence of cytokines and growth factors
Ex: Patho: Columnar cells change to squamous cells in lungs of smoker or normal
ciliated epithelial cells of the bronchial linings are replaced by stratified squamous
epithelial cells.; Phys: Barrett Esophagus- normal squamous cells change to
columnar epithelial cells in response to reflux, aka intestinal metaplasia
Hypoxia injury - ---✔✔✔ANSWER----E. inadequate oxygenation of tissues
P. decrease in mitochondrial function, decreased production of ATP increases
anaerobic metabolism. eventual cell death.
,C.M. hypoxia, cyanosis, cognitive impairment, lethargy
Free radical and ROS - ---✔✔✔ANSWER----E. normal byproduct of ATP
production, will overwhelm the mitochondria- exhaust intracellular antioxidants
P. lipid peroxidation, damage proteins, fragment DNA
C.M. development in Alzheimer's, heart disease, Parkinson's disease, Amyotrophic
Lateral Sclerosis
Ethanol - ---✔✔✔ANSWER----E. mood altering drug, long term effects on
liver and nutritional status
P. metabolized by liver, generates free radicals
C.M. CNS depression, nutrient deficiencies-Mag, Vit B6, thiamine, PO4,
inflammation and fatty infiltration of liver, hepatomegaly, leads to liver failure
irreversible
Oncosis - ---✔✔✔ANSWER----Na and H2O enter cell and cause swelling.
Organ increases in weight, becomes distended and pale. Associated with high
fever, hypocalcemia, certain infections
Fatty Infiltration - ---✔✔✔ANSWER----intracellular accumulation of lipids
in the liver
liver fails to metabolize lipids. usually from ETOH or high fat diet. can lead to
cirrhosis
dystrophic calcification - ---✔✔✔ANSWER----accumulation of Ca in dead
or dying tissues
, calcium salt clump and harden- interfere with cellular structure and function
r/t pulmonary TB, atherosclerosis, injured heart valves, chronic pancreatitis
metastatic calcification - ---✔✔✔ANSWER----accumulation of Ca in
normal tissue
result of hypercalcemia r/t hyperparathyroidism, hyperthyroidism, toxic levels of
Vit D. Can also r/t hyperphosphatemia in renal failure
urate accumulation - ---✔✔✔ANSWER----sodium urate crystals are
deposited in tissues- group of disorders collectively called gout- acute arthritis,
chronic gouty arthritis, tophus, nephritis
Coagulative Necrosis - ---✔✔✔ANSWER----kidneys, heart, adrenals-
secondary to hypoxia
Liquefactive Necrosis - ---✔✔✔ANSWER----nerve cells- brain-
accumulation of pus
Caseous Necrosis - ---✔✔✔ANSWER----lung disease- usually TB- tissue
looks like clumped cheese
Fat Necrosis - ---✔✔✔ANSWER----breast, pancreas, abdominal structures-
creates soaps
