PSYC 1001 FINAL EXAM STUDY GUIDE
learning - Answer -a relatively permanent change in an organisms behavior due to
experience and practice
associative learning - Answer -learning that 2 events occur together
-2 types: classical conditioning, operant conditioning
classical conditioning - Answer --associates two stimuli
-(pavlovian conditioning)
-type of learning in which organism associates two stimuli. A neutral stimulus that
signals an unconditioned stimulus begins to produce a response that anticipates and
prepares for the unconditioned response
unconditioned stimulus - Answer --(US or UCS)
-naturally and automatically triggers a response
-eg meat causes salivation
unconditioned response - Answer --(UR)
-the unlearned and naturally occurring response to an unconditioned stimulus
-eg-salivation to the meat
Conditioned stimulus - Answer --(CS)
-a neutral stimulus that after association with an unconditioned stimulus, comes to
trigger a conditioned response
-neutral stimulus does not trigger conditioned response before training
-ex. before training a dog won't salivate to a tone
conditioned response - Answer --(CR)
-learned response to a previously neutral stimulus
-NOT the same as unconditioned response-often slower and weaker
-CR is a signal that US is about to occur
-CS prepares body for US
Pavlov's experiment - Answer -US: meat powder
UR:salivation
CS: tone
CR:salivation
short-delay conditioning - Answer -CS begins just before US and CS and US end
together.-ex tone then food
-most effective timing
, acquisition - Answer --stage in classical conditioning in which conditioned stimulus
comes to evoke conditioned response
=training phase
extinction - Answer --stage in classical conditioning involving weakening and
disappearance of conditioned response by presenting conditioned stimulus without
unconditioned stimulus
generalization - Answer --tendency to respond in the same way to a stiumulus similar to
conditioned stimulus
discrimination - Answer --learned ability to distinguish between a conditioned stimulus
and other stimuli that do not signal a unconditioned stimulus
spontaneous recovery - Answer -the reappearance after the pause of an extinguished
conditioned response
classical conditioning in TV ads - Answer -pairing products with objects that elicit a
positive emotional response
systematic desensitization - Answer --therapy based on classical conditioning
-make a hierarchy of fears
-associate least feared item with relaxation response
-work way up hierarchy until can relax to phobic item
conditioned taste aversion - Answer --a taste associated w/ nausea is avoided in the
future
-can be several hours between conditioned stimulus (taste) and unconditioned response
(illness)
-one trial conditioning, lasts a long time, extinction resistant
-doesn't occur with auditory, visual, tactile conditioned stimuli
why is taste easily associated with illness? - Answer --we have a biological
predisposition to associate taste with illness; avoid tastes that make us sick
backward conditioning - Answer -US occurs before CS-ex. food before tone
operant conditioning - Answer --BF Skinner
-associates a response and its consequences
-type of learning in which behavior is strengthened if followed by a reinforcer and
weakened if followed by a punisher
skinner box - Answer -a small enclosure in which responses of an animal can be
recorded and consequences of the responses controlled
law of effect - Answer --Edward Thorndike
learning - Answer -a relatively permanent change in an organisms behavior due to
experience and practice
associative learning - Answer -learning that 2 events occur together
-2 types: classical conditioning, operant conditioning
classical conditioning - Answer --associates two stimuli
-(pavlovian conditioning)
-type of learning in which organism associates two stimuli. A neutral stimulus that
signals an unconditioned stimulus begins to produce a response that anticipates and
prepares for the unconditioned response
unconditioned stimulus - Answer --(US or UCS)
-naturally and automatically triggers a response
-eg meat causes salivation
unconditioned response - Answer --(UR)
-the unlearned and naturally occurring response to an unconditioned stimulus
-eg-salivation to the meat
Conditioned stimulus - Answer --(CS)
-a neutral stimulus that after association with an unconditioned stimulus, comes to
trigger a conditioned response
-neutral stimulus does not trigger conditioned response before training
-ex. before training a dog won't salivate to a tone
conditioned response - Answer --(CR)
-learned response to a previously neutral stimulus
-NOT the same as unconditioned response-often slower and weaker
-CR is a signal that US is about to occur
-CS prepares body for US
Pavlov's experiment - Answer -US: meat powder
UR:salivation
CS: tone
CR:salivation
short-delay conditioning - Answer -CS begins just before US and CS and US end
together.-ex tone then food
-most effective timing
, acquisition - Answer --stage in classical conditioning in which conditioned stimulus
comes to evoke conditioned response
=training phase
extinction - Answer --stage in classical conditioning involving weakening and
disappearance of conditioned response by presenting conditioned stimulus without
unconditioned stimulus
generalization - Answer --tendency to respond in the same way to a stiumulus similar to
conditioned stimulus
discrimination - Answer --learned ability to distinguish between a conditioned stimulus
and other stimuli that do not signal a unconditioned stimulus
spontaneous recovery - Answer -the reappearance after the pause of an extinguished
conditioned response
classical conditioning in TV ads - Answer -pairing products with objects that elicit a
positive emotional response
systematic desensitization - Answer --therapy based on classical conditioning
-make a hierarchy of fears
-associate least feared item with relaxation response
-work way up hierarchy until can relax to phobic item
conditioned taste aversion - Answer --a taste associated w/ nausea is avoided in the
future
-can be several hours between conditioned stimulus (taste) and unconditioned response
(illness)
-one trial conditioning, lasts a long time, extinction resistant
-doesn't occur with auditory, visual, tactile conditioned stimuli
why is taste easily associated with illness? - Answer --we have a biological
predisposition to associate taste with illness; avoid tastes that make us sick
backward conditioning - Answer -US occurs before CS-ex. food before tone
operant conditioning - Answer --BF Skinner
-associates a response and its consequences
-type of learning in which behavior is strengthened if followed by a reinforcer and
weakened if followed by a punisher
skinner box - Answer -a small enclosure in which responses of an animal can be
recorded and consequences of the responses controlled
law of effect - Answer --Edward Thorndike
