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altruism - 🧠 ANSWER ✔✔any behavior that increases the fitness of another
individual at the cost of one's own fitness
amnion - 🧠 ANSWER ✔✔membrane that closely covers the embryo.
amniotic egg protects and nourished the embryo.
amniota - 🧠 ANSWER ✔✔tetrapods with terrestrial adaptations. reptiles,
birds, and mammals. relatively impermeable skin and ability to use rib cage
to ventilate lungs.
amphibia - 🧠 ANSWER ✔✔"two-lives." warm/moist climate. metamorphosis
— aquatic larva -> terrestrial adult. main clades: urodela (salamanders w
tails), anura (frogs/toads no tails), apoda (caecilians legless fossorial
, animals). skin as respiratory organ. toxins in skin. use throat to ventilate
lungs.
archenteron - 🧠 ANSWER ✔✔primary gut that forms during the gastrulation
of a zygote, develops into the endoderm and mesoderm of an animal.
archosauria - 🧠 ANSWER ✔✔dinosaurs, crocodiles, birds. monophyletic
group with similar bone morphology. crocodilians - basal archosaurs.
dinosaurs- evidence of prenatal care/endothermy evolved in dinosaurs (one
of these lineages became birds)
aves - 🧠 ANSWER ✔✔birds- extant dinosaurs. birds/reptiles shared
characters = jaw bone structure (5 fused bones), scales, egg structure
(same membranes and structures including egg tooth). toothless, hollow-
boned, bipedal, streamlined, feathered, endothermic, vertebrate w/ fast
metabolism.
bilateria - 🧠 ANSWER ✔✔triploblasts. animals with bilateral symmetry.
head/tail (cephalization). separate mouth/anus. true coelom.
bivalves - 🧠 ANSWER ✔✔clams, oysters, mussels, scallops. shell with 2
halves. mantle cavity contains gills used for feeding and gas exchange. no
radula. most are suspension feeders, some have tentacles and eyes.