Anatomy- Derived from the Greek words e.g. cardiovascular physiology, respiratory physiology
and reproductive physiology.
ANA- apart TOMY- To cut
Pathologic physiology - is the study of the effects of
HUMAN ANATOMY- study of the normal structures of diseases on organ or system functions.
the human body and their relationships with one another.
HUMAN PHYSIOLOGY- study of the different functions
of the normal structures of the human body and the
involved processes of how these body parts work.
HOMEOSTASIS
- Maintenance of the body’s internal environment
DIVISION OF HUMAN ANATOMY
- Negative feedback loop
A. Gross / Macroscopic anatomy
-stability, Balance, Equilibrium
- study of normal structures of the human big enough to
HOMEOSTASIS REGULATION
be studied by unaided eye.
1.Systemic Anatomy – study of structures of specific 1. Autoregulation – cells lack oxygen ,chemicals
body systems would be released to dilate blood vessels
2. Extrinsic regulation - during exercise
e.g. nervous and circulatory systems.
nervous system commands inc of heart rate so blood will
2. Regional Anatomy – study of structures by body circulate faster
regions.
e.g. head region, thoracic region.
ESSENTIAL LIFE PROCESS
3. Surface anatomy – study of the landmarks on the
body surface of the different visceral organs.
1. Metabolism –all the chemical processes that
occur in the body.
B. Microscopic Anatomy 2. Responsiveness – the body’s ability to react to
changes in environment both internally or
- study of structures of the human body through use of externally.
microscope.
3. Movement – motion occurring inside the human
1. Cytology – chemical and microscopic study of cells body, either the whole body or individual cells or
2. Histology – study of normal tissues of the body even the organelles within these cells.
C.Embryology 4. Growth – an increase in body size that results
from an increase in the size or number of cells.
-study of development of the human body from
5. Differentiation – development of cells from an
fertilization of ovum up to the period of extrauterine life. unspecialized to a specialized state.
D. Neuroanatomy 6. Reproduction – formation of new cells for
growth, repair or replacement or the production
-study of normal microscopic, gross features and of a new individual.
development of the nervous system
LEVELS OF STRUCTURAL ORGANIZATION OF
THE BODY
DIVISION OF HUMAN PHYSIOLOGY 1. Chemical level
Cell Physiology - the study of the functions of living cells 2. Cellular level
- the cornerstone of human physiology
3. Tissue level
Special Physiology - is the study of the functions of
specific organs 4. Organ level
e.g. cardiac physiology-is the study of the heart function 5. System level
Systemic Physiology - all aspects of the functions of
specific organ systems.
, BODY SYSTEMS
CELLS - Smallest units of life
- Perform all activities necessary to maintain life
e.g. metabolism, assimilation, digestion, excretion,
reproduction
TISSUE
Made up of different types of cells
• Epithelial - covers and protects
• Connective - binds and supports other tissues
• Muscle - movement
• Nervous - connects sensory structures to motor
structures
• Hemopoietic
ORGANS - Tissues with same function grouped
together.
Examples: liver, stomach
SYSTEM -A group of organs that perform a common
function.
, CAVITIES
BODY REGIONS Dorsal -cranial, spinal
1. Head Ventral- thoracic, abdominopelvic
2. Neck
3. Trunk
a) Thorax
b) Abdomen
c) Pelvic cavity
d) Perineum
4. Upper extremities
5. Lower extremities
THE ANATOMICAL POSITION
-standing (or lying supine) erect
-head and eyes directed forward.
- Upper limbs by the sides with palms facing forward.
-Lower limbs together with toes facing forward.
ANATOMICAL PLANES
1. Coronal / Frontal Plane
- Vertical planes
-running from side to side
-Divides the body or any of it’s part into anterior
and posterior portion
2. Sagittal Plane / Lateral Plane
-Vertical plane
-from front to back
- divides into right & left side
3. Horizontal / Transverse / axial
-horizontal planes
-divides the body into upper and lower parts
4. Median plane
-saggital plane through the midline of the body
-from front to the back dividing it into right and left
halves
and reproductive physiology.
ANA- apart TOMY- To cut
Pathologic physiology - is the study of the effects of
HUMAN ANATOMY- study of the normal structures of diseases on organ or system functions.
the human body and their relationships with one another.
HUMAN PHYSIOLOGY- study of the different functions
of the normal structures of the human body and the
involved processes of how these body parts work.
HOMEOSTASIS
- Maintenance of the body’s internal environment
DIVISION OF HUMAN ANATOMY
- Negative feedback loop
A. Gross / Macroscopic anatomy
-stability, Balance, Equilibrium
- study of normal structures of the human big enough to
HOMEOSTASIS REGULATION
be studied by unaided eye.
1.Systemic Anatomy – study of structures of specific 1. Autoregulation – cells lack oxygen ,chemicals
body systems would be released to dilate blood vessels
2. Extrinsic regulation - during exercise
e.g. nervous and circulatory systems.
nervous system commands inc of heart rate so blood will
2. Regional Anatomy – study of structures by body circulate faster
regions.
e.g. head region, thoracic region.
ESSENTIAL LIFE PROCESS
3. Surface anatomy – study of the landmarks on the
body surface of the different visceral organs.
1. Metabolism –all the chemical processes that
occur in the body.
B. Microscopic Anatomy 2. Responsiveness – the body’s ability to react to
changes in environment both internally or
- study of structures of the human body through use of externally.
microscope.
3. Movement – motion occurring inside the human
1. Cytology – chemical and microscopic study of cells body, either the whole body or individual cells or
2. Histology – study of normal tissues of the body even the organelles within these cells.
C.Embryology 4. Growth – an increase in body size that results
from an increase in the size or number of cells.
-study of development of the human body from
5. Differentiation – development of cells from an
fertilization of ovum up to the period of extrauterine life. unspecialized to a specialized state.
D. Neuroanatomy 6. Reproduction – formation of new cells for
growth, repair or replacement or the production
-study of normal microscopic, gross features and of a new individual.
development of the nervous system
LEVELS OF STRUCTURAL ORGANIZATION OF
THE BODY
DIVISION OF HUMAN PHYSIOLOGY 1. Chemical level
Cell Physiology - the study of the functions of living cells 2. Cellular level
- the cornerstone of human physiology
3. Tissue level
Special Physiology - is the study of the functions of
specific organs 4. Organ level
e.g. cardiac physiology-is the study of the heart function 5. System level
Systemic Physiology - all aspects of the functions of
specific organ systems.
, BODY SYSTEMS
CELLS - Smallest units of life
- Perform all activities necessary to maintain life
e.g. metabolism, assimilation, digestion, excretion,
reproduction
TISSUE
Made up of different types of cells
• Epithelial - covers and protects
• Connective - binds and supports other tissues
• Muscle - movement
• Nervous - connects sensory structures to motor
structures
• Hemopoietic
ORGANS - Tissues with same function grouped
together.
Examples: liver, stomach
SYSTEM -A group of organs that perform a common
function.
, CAVITIES
BODY REGIONS Dorsal -cranial, spinal
1. Head Ventral- thoracic, abdominopelvic
2. Neck
3. Trunk
a) Thorax
b) Abdomen
c) Pelvic cavity
d) Perineum
4. Upper extremities
5. Lower extremities
THE ANATOMICAL POSITION
-standing (or lying supine) erect
-head and eyes directed forward.
- Upper limbs by the sides with palms facing forward.
-Lower limbs together with toes facing forward.
ANATOMICAL PLANES
1. Coronal / Frontal Plane
- Vertical planes
-running from side to side
-Divides the body or any of it’s part into anterior
and posterior portion
2. Sagittal Plane / Lateral Plane
-Vertical plane
-from front to back
- divides into right & left side
3. Horizontal / Transverse / axial
-horizontal planes
-divides the body into upper and lower parts
4. Median plane
-saggital plane through the midline of the body
-from front to the back dividing it into right and left
halves
