,Copyright © 2021 John Wiley & Sons Canada, Ltd. Unauthorized copying, distribution, or
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transmission of this page is prohibited
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CHAPTER 1 t
PSYCHOLOGY: YESTERDAY AND TODAY t t t
CHAPTER LEARNING OBJECTIVES
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1. Define psychology and describe the goals and levels of analysis psychologists use.
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•
Psychology is the study of mental processes and behaviour.
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•
The goals of psychology are to describe, explain, predict, and control behaviour and ment
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t al
processes. Psychologists vary in the degree to which they focus on some of these goals
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tmore than others.
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The study of psychology must occur at multiple levels, including the level of the brain
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(th e
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biological activity associated with mental processes and behaviour), the level of the perso
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(the content of mental processes), and the level of the group (social influences on
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tbehaviour).
2. Describe the influences of early myths and ancient Greek philosophies on psychology.
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•
Early explanations of human behaviour were rooted in superstition and magic.
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•
Later, philosophers, beginning with the ancient Greeks, tried to develop more objective
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theories of human consciousness and reality.
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•
The work of such early philosophers as Hippocrates, Socrates, Plato, and Aristotle
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contributed to the later formation of psychology as a natural science.
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3. Name important early psychologists and describe their major theories and research
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methods.
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The development of psychology has been strongly influenced by shifts in the social
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environment and development of new technology.
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The first psychology laboratory was founded in Leipzig, Germany, by physiologist Wilhel
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Wundt. Wundt was interested in human consciousness and will, which he studied throug
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small, structured activities that could be easily watched and replicated.
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Structuralism, a school of thought developed by one of Wundt’s students, relied upon the t t t t t t t t t t t t t
use of introspection, the careful observation of human perception. The goal of the
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structuralists was to find the smallest building blocks of consciousness.
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•
William James established the first psychology laboratory in the United States at Harvard.
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He helped shift the field’s focus to the functions of mental events and behaviours,
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forming a
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school of thought known as functionalism.
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Gestalt psychologists studied human tendencies to perceive pattern rather than dividing
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consciousness into its smallest parts. They focused on putting together the “parts,” or
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individual sensations, to create a “whole” or perception that went beyond the sum of the
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tparts.
4. Summarize the major principles of the psychoanalytical, behaviourist, humanistic, t t t t t t t t
cognitive, and neuroscience approaches to psychology.
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Over the years, different fields of psychology emerged, with different ideas about what w
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tas
the appropriate area of study for human psychology. Some of the most influential fields
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DOWNLOAD THE Test Bank for Psychology Around Us 4th Edition Ogden
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nursytestbank.store
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Psychology: Yesterday and Today t t t
1-2 t t t
Copyright © 2021 John Wiley & Sons Canada, Ltd. Unauthorized copying, distribution, or
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transmission of this page is prohibited
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were the psychoanalytic, behaviourist, humanistic, cognitive, and neuroscience schools of
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thought.
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•
Sigmund Freud’s psychoanalytical theory focused on the importance of unconscious ment
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tal
processes.
•
Behaviourists believed strongly that psychology should restrict its focus to the careful stut t t t t t t t t t t t
dy
t
of observable behaviours.
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•
Humanistic psychologists reacted against the mechanical portrayals of people by the
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behaviourists and emphasized individuals’ potential for growth and self-actualization.
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•
, Cognitive psychologists reignited interest in the study of mental processes, comparing the
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workings of the mind to the workings of computers.
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•
Biological science, including interest in the workings of the brain and in our genetic
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inheritance, was the major influence on neuroscience approaches.
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5. Describe the three major branches of psychology and summarize key trends in
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psychology.
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•
The theoretical and cultural diversity of the field of psychology has increased
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dramaticall y
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over recent years.
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•
There are three key branches of psychology: academic, applied, and clinical/counselling.
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•
Across the three branches and many specialty areas in psychology, psychologists are
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united by their shared values. Psychologists generally agree that psychology is theory-
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driven, empirical, multi-level, and contextual.
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•
Currently, psychology appears to be developing as a science in response to a growing
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diversity throughout the field, advances in technology (such as brain scanning), and the
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development of new schools such as positive psychology.
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DOWNLOAD THE Test Bank for Psychology Around Us 4th Edition Ogden t t t t t t t t t t
nursytestbank.store
t
1-3 t t
Test Bank for Psychology Around Us, Fourth Canadian Edition
t t t t t t t t
Copyright © 2021 John Wiley & Sons Canada, Ltd. Unauthorized copying, distribution, or
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transmission of this page is prohibited
t t t t t t
TRUE-FALSE STATEMENTS t
1. Mental processes describe the activity of our brains when we are engaged in thinking.
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Answer: True
t t
Difficulty: Easy t
Bloomcode: Knowledge
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Learning Objective: Define psychology and describe the goals and levels of analysis
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psychologists use.
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Section Reference: What Is Psychology?
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2. The person level of analysis may include how intelligence or motivation influences beh
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aviour.
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Answer: True t
t t t t t t t t t t t t
transmission of this page is prohibited
t t t t t t
CHAPTER 1 t
PSYCHOLOGY: YESTERDAY AND TODAY t t t
CHAPTER LEARNING OBJECTIVES
t t t
1. Define psychology and describe the goals and levels of analysis psychologists use.
t t t t t t t t t t t
•
Psychology is the study of mental processes and behaviour.
t t t t t t t t
•
The goals of psychology are to describe, explain, predict, and control behaviour and ment
t t t t t t t t t t t t t
t al
processes. Psychologists vary in the degree to which they focus on some of these goals
t t t t t t t t t t t t t t
tmore than others.
t t
•
The study of psychology must occur at multiple levels, including the level of the brain
t t t t t t t t t t t t t t
(th e
t t
biological activity associated with mental processes and behaviour), the level of the perso
t t t t t t t t t t t t
tn
(the content of mental processes), and the level of the group (social influences on
t t t t t t t t t t t t t
tbehaviour).
2. Describe the influences of early myths and ancient Greek philosophies on psychology.
t t t t t t t t t t t
•
Early explanations of human behaviour were rooted in superstition and magic.
t t t t t t t t t t
•
Later, philosophers, beginning with the ancient Greeks, tried to develop more objective
t t t t t t t t t t t
theories of human consciousness and reality.
t t t t t t
•
The work of such early philosophers as Hippocrates, Socrates, Plato, and Aristotle
t t t t t t t t t t t
contributed to the later formation of psychology as a natural science.
t t t t t t t t t t t
3. Name important early psychologists and describe their major theories and research
t t t t t t t t t t
methods.
t
•
The development of psychology has been strongly influenced by shifts in the social
t t t t t t t t t t t t
environment and development of new technology.
t 9i t 9i t t
•
The first psychology laboratory was founded in Leipzig, Germany, by physiologist Wilhel
t t t t t t t t t t t
tm
Wundt. Wundt was interested in human consciousness and will, which he studied throug
t 9i t t t t t t t t t t
th
small, structured activities that could be easily watched and replicated.
t t t t t t t t t
,•
Structuralism, a school of thought developed by one of Wundt’s students, relied upon the t t t t t t t t t t t t t
use of introspection, the careful observation of human perception. The goal of the
t t t t t t t t t t t t t
structuralists was to find the smallest building blocks of consciousness.
t t t t t t t t t t
•
William James established the first psychology laboratory in the United States at Harvard.
t t t t 9i t t t t t t t
He helped shift the field’s focus to the functions of mental events and behaviours,
t t t t t t t t t t t t t
forming a
t t
school of thought known as functionalism.
t t 9i t t
•
Gestalt psychologists studied human tendencies to perceive pattern rather than dividing
t t t t t t t t t t
consciousness into its smallest parts. They focused on putting together the “parts,” or
t t t t t t t t t t t t t
individual sensations, to create a “whole” or perception that went beyond the sum of the
t t t t t t t t t t t t t t t
tparts.
4. Summarize the major principles of the psychoanalytical, behaviourist, humanistic, t t t t t t t t
cognitive, and neuroscience approaches to psychology.
t t t t t t
•
Over the years, different fields of psychology emerged, with different ideas about what w
t t t t t t t t t 9i t t t
tas
the appropriate area of study for human psychology. Some of the most influential fields
t t t t t t t t t t t 9i t
DOWNLOAD THE Test Bank for Psychology Around Us 4th Edition Ogden
t t t t t t t t t t t
nursytestbank.store
t
Psychology: Yesterday and Today t t t
1-2 t t t
Copyright © 2021 John Wiley & Sons Canada, Ltd. Unauthorized copying, distribution, or
t t t t t t t t t t t t
transmission of this page is prohibited
t t t t t t
were the psychoanalytic, behaviourist, humanistic, cognitive, and neuroscience schools of
t t t t t t t t t
thought.
t
•
Sigmund Freud’s psychoanalytical theory focused on the importance of unconscious ment
t t t t t t t t t t
tal
processes.
•
Behaviourists believed strongly that psychology should restrict its focus to the careful stut t t t t t t t t t t t
dy
t
of observable behaviours.
t t
•
Humanistic psychologists reacted against the mechanical portrayals of people by the
t t t t t t t t t t
behaviourists and emphasized individuals’ potential for growth and self-actualization.
t t t t t t t t t
•
, Cognitive psychologists reignited interest in the study of mental processes, comparing the
t t t t t t t t t t t
workings of the mind to the workings of computers.
t t t t t t t t
•
Biological science, including interest in the workings of the brain and in our genetic
t t t t t t t t t t t t t
inheritance, was the major influence on neuroscience approaches.
t t t t t t t t
5. Describe the three major branches of psychology and summarize key trends in
t t t t t t t t t t t
psychology.
t
•
The theoretical and cultural diversity of the field of psychology has increased
t t t t t t t t t t t
dramaticall y
t t
over recent years.
t t
•
There are three key branches of psychology: academic, applied, and clinical/counselling.
t t t t t t t t t t
•
Across the three branches and many specialty areas in psychology, psychologists are
t t t t t t t t t t t
united by their shared values. Psychologists generally agree that psychology is theory-
t t t t t t t t t t t t
driven, empirical, multi-level, and contextual.
t t t t t
•
Currently, psychology appears to be developing as a science in response to a growing
t t t t t t t t t t t t t
diversity throughout the field, advances in technology (such as brain scanning), and the
t t t t t t t t t t t t t
development of new schools such as positive psychology.
t t t t t t t t
DOWNLOAD THE Test Bank for Psychology Around Us 4th Edition Ogden t t t t t t t t t t
nursytestbank.store
t
1-3 t t
Test Bank for Psychology Around Us, Fourth Canadian Edition
t t t t t t t t
Copyright © 2021 John Wiley & Sons Canada, Ltd. Unauthorized copying, distribution, or
t t t t t t t t t t t t
transmission of this page is prohibited
t t t t t t
TRUE-FALSE STATEMENTS t
1. Mental processes describe the activity of our brains when we are engaged in thinking.
t t t t t t t t t t t t t
Answer: True
t t
Difficulty: Easy t
Bloomcode: Knowledge
t t
Learning Objective: Define psychology and describe the goals and levels of analysis
t t t t t t t t t t t
psychologists use.
t t
Section Reference: What Is Psychology?
t t t t
2. The person level of analysis may include how intelligence or motivation influences beh
t t t t t t t t t t t t
aviour.
t
Answer: True t
