PSYC 388- Final Exam Questions and Answers Already Passed Latest Update 2025-2026
List 5 factors that influenced the development of counselling in Canada since the 1960s. -
Answers - There was a shift to group therapy in the 60s
- In the 90s, there was a focus on counselling issues related to the whole person.
-Canadian guidance Counsellor's association was created in 1965.
-Counselling became a distinct profession in the 1980s.
-The first counselling section was formed by CPA in 1986. This was important because it
distinguished counselling from other psychological professions.
-In 1989, CPA established accreditation criteria for their doctoral program in counselling.
E.G. Williamson - Answers Created the first counselling theory in the 1930s.
Clifford Beers - Answers He was hospitalized for mental illness. He advocated for better
treatment of patients and for better mental health facilities.
Frank Parsons - Answers Founder of vocational guidance
Carl Rogers - Answers Had a humanistic view; developed person-centered therapy.
Albert Ellis - Answers Developed rational emotive therapy. It's a type of cognitive therapy that
focuses on changing the client's irrational beliefs.
Eric Berne - Answers Father of transactional analysis. Said there are 3 ego states: the child, the
adult, and the parent.
Aaron Beck - Answers Pioneer in cognitive therapy. His method helps patients identify
automatic thoughts and reactions, and helps them develop more beneficial reactions.
Maslow's Hierarchy of Needs - Answers (level 1) Physiological Needs, (level 2) Safety and
Security, (level 3) Relationships, Love and Affection, (level 4) Self Esteem, (level 5) Self
Actualization
Diff between Canada and US in counselling - Answers Counselling in USA grew out of
professional psychology; in Canada grew out of educational psychology.
1980s counselling also changed because of - Answers attention to gender issues and sexual
preferences, feminist theory, renewed emphasis on moral development, challenges of working
with different ethnic and cultural groups.
Lawrence Kohlberg - Answers moral development; presented boys moral dilemmas and studied
their responses and reasoning processes in making moral decisions. Most famous moral
dilemma is "Heinz" who has an ill wife and cannot afford the medication. Should he steal the
,medication and why?
Wellness Mode --2000 - Answers Wellness Mode --2000
Describe how the vocational guidance movement in public schools, and later in Canadian
colleges and universities, contributed to the growth of the profession of counselling in Canada. -
Answers Counsellors and guidance counsellors started to replace teachers in schools in areas
of testing and counselling. School boards begin hiring full-time counsellors as a result of the
rising popularity of Rogers' humanistic approach. Counselling became to be seen as a crucial
part of schools and should be its own profession.
An important difference between psychiatrists and other allied mental health professionals is: -
Answers their ability to provide and monitor psychotropic medication
Guidance deals with ___. counselling deals with ___ - Answers choice; change
Good qualities for effective counsellor (12) - Answers Curiosity,
ability to listen,
empathy,
comfort with conversation,
emotional intelligence,
introspection,
capacity for self-denial,
comfort with power,
ability to laugh,
monitor own biases,
ask for clarification,
explore racial and cultural differences
Bad reasons for becoming a counsellor (6) - Answers 1. Emotional distress,
2. Vicarious coping,
3. loneliness,
4. Desire for Power,
5. Need for love,
,6. Vicarious rebellion
identify the symptoms of burnout, describe its treatment, and identify ways to prevent it. -
Answers state of becoming emotionally or physically drained to the point that one cannot
perform functions meaningfully.
Counsellors develop a negative self-concept, negative job attitude, and even a loss of concern,
compassion, and feeling for others.
It's the most common personal consequence of being a counsellor.
To avoid burnout, counsellors need to modify their environment as well as the individual and
interpersonal factors associated with it.
Burnout can also be avoided/treated by: associating with healthy individuals, using stress-
reduction exercises, engaging in self-assessment, setting aside free and private time.
differentiate between the disciplines of counselling, social work, psychology, and psychiatry. -
Answers Counselling: Most professional counsellors in Canada are either social workers or
counselling psychologists.
Social work: Need BSW or MSw
Psychology: Can have a PhD, EdD, PsyD. Graduates need to complete a practicum.
Psychiatry: Need a doctoral degree. The only ones who can prescribe medications. Usually use
the medical model.
describe the education/credentialing processes related to the various counselling professionals
in Canada. - Answers CCPA accredits master's programs in Canada that are counselling related.
To be accredited by CCPA, the program must require minimum 48 hours semester hours and
meet core competencies such as: counselling as a profession, issues in counselling, etc.
Students must complete a 100hr practicum, and a 400hr practicum.
Counselling psychology: 4 CPA accredited programs in Canada. U of A, McGill, UBC, Ontario
Institute for studies in education.
Social work: Most social work schools in canada are accredited voluntarily through the
Canadian Association for Social Work Education.
Three levels of helping relationships - Answers -nonprofessional
-paraprofessional
, -professional
Attributes of counselling -- Medical - Answers Client not accountable for cause of problem or
solution. Can become dependent on counsellor.
Attributes of counselling -- Moral Model - Answers Clients responsible for causing and solving
problem. Might be victim of circumstances but respo for own victimization.
Attributes of counselling -- Compensatory Model - Answers Resp for solving but not causing
problem. Pressure to solve problems they didn't create.
Attributes of counselling -- Enlightenment Model - Answers Resp for causing but not solving
problem. Dependent on counsellor
Systems of Counselling - Answers Wellness/Developmental and Medical/Pathological
Developmental/Wellness approach - Answers Based on stages, outlined for development of
human growth.
Behaviors appropriate at one stage of life not appropriate for other stages.
Wellness goes further, emphasizes health, that you can solve your problems.
stress inoculation training - Answers a reframing technique that helps people to cope with
stressful situations by developing positive ways to think about the situation, use of imagery or
simulated rehearsal. (A developmental/wellness approach)
medical/pathological model - Answers treatment plans are based on the Diagnostic and
Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM - IV - TR)
Axes of DSM-IV - Answers Disorders are deeply within the individual. Limits of DSM - system of
limited value to many counsellors not working with deeply disturbed individuals.
Supervision Model STIPS - Answers signs,
topics,
interventions used,
progress,
special issues of importance.
Advocacy - Answers taking action to influence others to address a health-related concern or to
support a health-related belief
Every counsellor has his or her own personal needs, values, beliefs, and attitudes. Discuss how
some of these needs might interfere with the counselling process. Which personal needs,
List 5 factors that influenced the development of counselling in Canada since the 1960s. -
Answers - There was a shift to group therapy in the 60s
- In the 90s, there was a focus on counselling issues related to the whole person.
-Canadian guidance Counsellor's association was created in 1965.
-Counselling became a distinct profession in the 1980s.
-The first counselling section was formed by CPA in 1986. This was important because it
distinguished counselling from other psychological professions.
-In 1989, CPA established accreditation criteria for their doctoral program in counselling.
E.G. Williamson - Answers Created the first counselling theory in the 1930s.
Clifford Beers - Answers He was hospitalized for mental illness. He advocated for better
treatment of patients and for better mental health facilities.
Frank Parsons - Answers Founder of vocational guidance
Carl Rogers - Answers Had a humanistic view; developed person-centered therapy.
Albert Ellis - Answers Developed rational emotive therapy. It's a type of cognitive therapy that
focuses on changing the client's irrational beliefs.
Eric Berne - Answers Father of transactional analysis. Said there are 3 ego states: the child, the
adult, and the parent.
Aaron Beck - Answers Pioneer in cognitive therapy. His method helps patients identify
automatic thoughts and reactions, and helps them develop more beneficial reactions.
Maslow's Hierarchy of Needs - Answers (level 1) Physiological Needs, (level 2) Safety and
Security, (level 3) Relationships, Love and Affection, (level 4) Self Esteem, (level 5) Self
Actualization
Diff between Canada and US in counselling - Answers Counselling in USA grew out of
professional psychology; in Canada grew out of educational psychology.
1980s counselling also changed because of - Answers attention to gender issues and sexual
preferences, feminist theory, renewed emphasis on moral development, challenges of working
with different ethnic and cultural groups.
Lawrence Kohlberg - Answers moral development; presented boys moral dilemmas and studied
their responses and reasoning processes in making moral decisions. Most famous moral
dilemma is "Heinz" who has an ill wife and cannot afford the medication. Should he steal the
,medication and why?
Wellness Mode --2000 - Answers Wellness Mode --2000
Describe how the vocational guidance movement in public schools, and later in Canadian
colleges and universities, contributed to the growth of the profession of counselling in Canada. -
Answers Counsellors and guidance counsellors started to replace teachers in schools in areas
of testing and counselling. School boards begin hiring full-time counsellors as a result of the
rising popularity of Rogers' humanistic approach. Counselling became to be seen as a crucial
part of schools and should be its own profession.
An important difference between psychiatrists and other allied mental health professionals is: -
Answers their ability to provide and monitor psychotropic medication
Guidance deals with ___. counselling deals with ___ - Answers choice; change
Good qualities for effective counsellor (12) - Answers Curiosity,
ability to listen,
empathy,
comfort with conversation,
emotional intelligence,
introspection,
capacity for self-denial,
comfort with power,
ability to laugh,
monitor own biases,
ask for clarification,
explore racial and cultural differences
Bad reasons for becoming a counsellor (6) - Answers 1. Emotional distress,
2. Vicarious coping,
3. loneliness,
4. Desire for Power,
5. Need for love,
,6. Vicarious rebellion
identify the symptoms of burnout, describe its treatment, and identify ways to prevent it. -
Answers state of becoming emotionally or physically drained to the point that one cannot
perform functions meaningfully.
Counsellors develop a negative self-concept, negative job attitude, and even a loss of concern,
compassion, and feeling for others.
It's the most common personal consequence of being a counsellor.
To avoid burnout, counsellors need to modify their environment as well as the individual and
interpersonal factors associated with it.
Burnout can also be avoided/treated by: associating with healthy individuals, using stress-
reduction exercises, engaging in self-assessment, setting aside free and private time.
differentiate between the disciplines of counselling, social work, psychology, and psychiatry. -
Answers Counselling: Most professional counsellors in Canada are either social workers or
counselling psychologists.
Social work: Need BSW or MSw
Psychology: Can have a PhD, EdD, PsyD. Graduates need to complete a practicum.
Psychiatry: Need a doctoral degree. The only ones who can prescribe medications. Usually use
the medical model.
describe the education/credentialing processes related to the various counselling professionals
in Canada. - Answers CCPA accredits master's programs in Canada that are counselling related.
To be accredited by CCPA, the program must require minimum 48 hours semester hours and
meet core competencies such as: counselling as a profession, issues in counselling, etc.
Students must complete a 100hr practicum, and a 400hr practicum.
Counselling psychology: 4 CPA accredited programs in Canada. U of A, McGill, UBC, Ontario
Institute for studies in education.
Social work: Most social work schools in canada are accredited voluntarily through the
Canadian Association for Social Work Education.
Three levels of helping relationships - Answers -nonprofessional
-paraprofessional
, -professional
Attributes of counselling -- Medical - Answers Client not accountable for cause of problem or
solution. Can become dependent on counsellor.
Attributes of counselling -- Moral Model - Answers Clients responsible for causing and solving
problem. Might be victim of circumstances but respo for own victimization.
Attributes of counselling -- Compensatory Model - Answers Resp for solving but not causing
problem. Pressure to solve problems they didn't create.
Attributes of counselling -- Enlightenment Model - Answers Resp for causing but not solving
problem. Dependent on counsellor
Systems of Counselling - Answers Wellness/Developmental and Medical/Pathological
Developmental/Wellness approach - Answers Based on stages, outlined for development of
human growth.
Behaviors appropriate at one stage of life not appropriate for other stages.
Wellness goes further, emphasizes health, that you can solve your problems.
stress inoculation training - Answers a reframing technique that helps people to cope with
stressful situations by developing positive ways to think about the situation, use of imagery or
simulated rehearsal. (A developmental/wellness approach)
medical/pathological model - Answers treatment plans are based on the Diagnostic and
Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM - IV - TR)
Axes of DSM-IV - Answers Disorders are deeply within the individual. Limits of DSM - system of
limited value to many counsellors not working with deeply disturbed individuals.
Supervision Model STIPS - Answers signs,
topics,
interventions used,
progress,
special issues of importance.
Advocacy - Answers taking action to influence others to address a health-related concern or to
support a health-related belief
Every counsellor has his or her own personal needs, values, beliefs, and attitudes. Discuss how
some of these needs might interfere with the counselling process. Which personal needs,
