1
,Table of Content
dW dW
Chapter dW01: dWProfessional dWNursing.......................................................................................................................................4
Chapter dW02: dWSocial dWDeterminants dWof dWHealth ..................................................................................................................10
Chapter dW03: dWHealth dWHistory dWand dWPhysical dWExamination dWHarding:dWLewis‘sdWMedical-SurgicaldWNursing,dW12thdWEdition
...............................................................................................................................................................................................15
Chapter dW04: dWPatient dWand dWCaregiver dWTeaching ................................................................................................................20
Chapter dW05: dWChronic dWIllness dWand dWOlder dWAdults............................................................................................................26
Harding: dWLewis‘s dWMedical-Surgical dWNursing, dW12th d W Edition .......................................................................................34
Chapter dW07: dWStress dWManagement .......................................................................................................................................38
Chapter dW08: dWSleep dWand dWSleep dWDisorders ........................................................................................................................42
Chapter dW09: dWPain .................................................................................................................................................................47
Chapter dW10: dWPalliative dWand dWEnd-of-Life dWCare ................................................................................................................56
Chapter dW11: dWSubstance dWUse dWDisorders dWin dWAcute dWCare ................................................................................................61
Chapter dW12: dWInflammation dWand dWHealing ..........................................................................................................................69
Chapter dW13: dWGenetics ..........................................................................................................................................................76
Chapter dW14: dWImmune dWResponses dWand dWTransplantation dWHarding:dWLewis‘sdWMedical-SurgicaldWNursing,dW12thdWEdition ..79
Chapter dW15: dWInfection..........................................................................................................................................................87
Chapter dW16: dWCancer.............................................................................................................................................................97
Chapter dW17: dWFluid, dWElectrolyte, dWand dWAcid-Base dWImbalances dWHarding: dWLewis‘s dWMedical-Surgical dWNursing, dW12th
dWEdition ...............................................................................................................................................................................111
Chapter dW18: dWPreoperative dWCare........................................................................................................................................124
Chapter dW19: dWIntraoperative dWCare......................................................................................................................................131
Chapter dW20: dWPostoperative dWCare ......................................................................................................................................137
Chapter dW21: dWEmergency dWand dWDisaster dWNursing............................................................................................................145
Chapter dW22: dWAssessment dWand dWManagement: dWVisual dWProblems dWHarding: dWLewis‘s dWMedical-Surgical dWNursing,
dW12th dWEdition dW153 dWChapter dW23: dWAssessment dWand dWManagement: dWAuditory dWProblems dWHarding: dWLewis‘s
dWMedical-Surgical dWNursing, dW12th dWEdition
.............................................................................................................................................................................................166
Chapter dW24: dWAssessment: dWIntegumentary dWSystem dWHarding:dWLewis‘sdWMedical-SurgicaldWNursing,dW12thdWEdition .........173
Chapter dW25: dWIntegumentary dWProblems .............................................................................................................................178
Chapter dW26: dWBurns.............................................................................................................................................................186
Chapter dW27: dWAssessment: dWRespiratory dWSystem ..............................................................................................................195
Chapter dW28: dWSupporting dWVentilation................................................................................................................................203
Chapter dW29: dWUpper dWRespiratory dWProblems .....................................................................................................................214
Chapter dW30: dWLower dWRespiratory dWProblems ....................................................................................................................220
Chapter dW31: dWObstructive dWPulmonary dWDiseases...............................................................................................................235
Chapter dW32: dWAcute dWRespiratory dWFailure dWand dWAcute dWRespiratory dWDistress dWSyndrome dWHarding: dWLewis‘s
dWMedical-Surgical dWNursing, dW12th dWEdition ......................................................................................................................248
first? .................................................................................................................................................................................253
Chapter dW33: dWAssessment: dWHematologic dWSystem ............................................................................................................257
Chapter dW34: dWHematologic dWProblems................................................................................................................................262
Chapter dW35: dWAssessment: dWCardiovascular dWSystem dWHarding:dWLewis‘sdWMedical-SurgicaldWNursing,dW12thdWEdition ........277
Chapter dW36: dWHypertension.................................................................................................................................................289
2
,Chapter dW38: dWHeart dWFailure ...............................................................................................................................................311
Chapter dW39: dWDysrhythmias................................................................................................................................................319
Chapter dW40: dWInflammatory dWand dWStructural dWHeart dWDisorders dWHarding: dWLewis‘s dWMedical-Surgical dWNursing, dW12th
dWEdition ...............................................................................................................................................................................329
first? ................................................................................................................................................................................. 339
Chapter dW41: dWVascular dWDisorders ..................................................................................................................................... 341
Chapter dW43: dWAssessment: dWGastrointestinal dWSystem dWHarding:dWLewis‘sdWMedical-SurgicaldWNursing,dW12thdWEdition ....... 364
Chapter dW44: dWNutrition dWProblems...................................................................................................................................... 369
Chapter dW45: dWObesity ......................................................................................................................................................... 377
Chapter dW46: dWUpper dWGastrointestinal dWProblems .............................................................................................................. 383
Chapter dW47: dWLower dWGastrointestinal dWProblems .............................................................................................................. 397
first? ................................................................................................................................................................................. 408
Chapter dW48: dWLiver, dWBiliary dWTract, dWand dWPancreas dWProblems dWHarding: dWLewis‘s dWMedical-Surgical dWNursing, dW12th
dWEdition ............................................................................................................................................................................... 414
Chapter dW49: dWAssessment: dWUrinary dWSystem .................................................................................................................... 429
Chapter dW50: dWRenal dWand dWUrologic dWProblems ................................................................................................................. 436
Chapter dW51: dWAcute dWKidney dWInjury dWand dWChronic dWKidney dWDisease dWHarding: dWLewis‘s dWMedical-Surgical dWNursing,
dW12th dWEdition
............................................................................................................................................................................................. 450
Chapter dW52: dWAssessment: dWEndocrine dWSystem ................................................................................................................ 462
Chapter dW53: dWDiabetes ........................................................................................................................................................ 469
Chapter dW54: dWEndocrine dWProblems.................................................................................................................................... 484
first? ................................................................................................................................................................................. 494
Chapter dW55: dWAssessment: dWReproductive dWSystem ........................................................................................................... 499
first? ................................................................................................................................................................................. 502
Chapter dW56: dWBreast dWProblems .......................................................................................................................................... 503
Chapter dW57: dWSexually dWTransmitted dWInfections ............................................................................................................... 512
Chapter dW58: dWFemale dWReproductive dWProblems ................................................................................................................ 519
Chapter dW59: dWMale dWReproductive dWProblems.................................................................................................................... 533
Chapter dW60: dWAssessment: dWNervous dWSystem ................................................................................................................... 544
Chapter dW61: dWAcute dWIntracranial dWProblems ..................................................................................................................... 550
Chapter dW62: dWStroke ........................................................................................................................................................... 565
Chapter dW63: dWChronic dWNeurologic dWProblems................................................................................................................... 574
Chapter dW64: dWDementia dWand dWDelirium............................................................................................................................. 585
Chapter dW65: dWSpinal dWCord dWand dWPeripheral dWNerve dWProblems dWHarding: dWLewis‘s dWMedical-Surgical dWNursing, dW12th
dWEdition ............................................................................................................................................................................... 593
Chapter dW66: dWAssessment: dWMusculoskeletal dWSystem dWHarding:dWLewis‘sdWMedical-SurgicaldWNursing,dW12thdWEdition ...... 603
Chapter dW67: dWMusculoskeletal dWTrauma dWand dWOrthopedic dWSurgery dWHarding: dWLewis‘s dWMedical-Surgical dWNursing,
dW12th dWEdition
............................................................................................................................................................................................. 608
Chapter dW68:Musculoskeletal dWProblems ............................................................................................................................. 622
Chapter dW69: dWArthritis dWand dWConnective dWTissue dWDiseases dWHarding:dWLewis‘sdWMedical-SurgicaldWNursing,dW12thdWEdition
............................................................................................................................................................................................. 629
3
, Chapter 01: Professional Nursing
dW dW dW
Harding: Lewis’s Medical-Surgical Nursing, 12th
dW dW dW dW dW Edition
MULTIPLE dWCHOICE
1. The dWnurse dWcompletes dWan dWadmission dWdatabase dWand dWexplains dWthat dWthe dWplan dWof dWcare
dWand dWdischarge dWgoals dWwill dWbe dWdeveloped dWwith dWthe dWpatient‗s dWinput. dWThe dWpatient
dWasks, dW―How dWis dWthis dWdifferent dWfrom dWwhat dWthe dWphysician dWdoes?‖ dWWhich dWresponse
dWwould dWthe dWnurse dWprovide?
a. ―The dWroledWof dWthe dWnursedWis dWto dWadminister dWmedications dWand dWother dWtreatments
dWprescribed dWby dW your dWphysician.‖
b. ―In dWaddition dWto dWcaringdWfor dWyou dWwhile dWyou dWaredWsick, dWthe dWnurses dWwill dWhelp
dWyou dWplan dWto dWmaintain dWyour dWhealth.‖
c. ―ThedWnurse‗s dWjob dWis dWto dWcollect dWinformation dWand dWcommunicate dWany
dWproblems dWthat dWoccur dWto dWthe dWphysician.‖
d. ―Nurses dWperform dWmanydWof dWthe dWsame dWprocedures dWas dWthe dWphysician, dWbut
dWnurses dWare dWwith dWthe dWpatients dWfor dWa dWlonger dWtime dWthan dWthe
dWphysician.‖
ANS: dWB
The dWAmerican dWNurses dWAssociation dW(ANA) dWdefinition dWof dWnursing dWdescribes dWthe dWrole
dWof dWnurses dWin dWpromoting dWhealth. dWThe dWother dWresponses dWdescribe dWdependent dWand
dWcollaborative dWfunctions dWof dWthe dWnursing dWrole dWbut dWdo dWnot dWaccurately dWdescribe dWthe
dWnurse‗s dWunique dWrole dWin dWthehealth dWcare dWsystem.
DIF: dWCognitive dWLevel: dWAnalyze dW(Analysis)
TOP: dWNursing dWProcess: dWImplementation dWMSC: dWNCLEX: dWSafe dWand dWEffective dWCare dWEnvironment
2. Which dWstatement dWbydWthe dWnurse dWaccuratelydWdescribes dW the dWuse dWof dWevidence-based dWpractice
dW(EBP)?
a. ―Patient dWcare dWis dWbased dWon dWclinical dWjudgment, dWexperience, dWand dWtraditions.‖
b. ―Data dWare dWanalyzed dWlater dWto dWshow dWthat dWthe dWpatient dWoutcomes dWare dWconsistentlydWmet.‖
c. ―Research dWfrom dWall dWpublished dWarticles dWare dWused dWas dWa dWguide dWfor dWplanning dWpatient dWcare.‖
d. ―Recommendations dWaredWbased dWon dWresearch, dWclinical dWexpertise, dWand
dWpatient dWpreferences.‖
ANS: dWD
Evidence-based dWpractice dW(EBP) dWis dWthe dWuse dWof dWthe dWbest dWresearch-based dWevidence
dWcombined dWwith dWclinician dWexpertise dWand dWconsideration dWof dWpatient dWpreferences.
dWClinical dWjudgment dWbased dWon dWthe dWnurse‗s dWclinical dWexperience dWis dWpart dWof dWEBP, dWbut
dWclinical dWdecision dWmaking dWshould dWalso dWincorporate dWcurrent dWresearch dWand dWresearch-
based dWguidelines. dWEvaluation dWof dWpatient dWoutcomes dWis dWimportant, dWbut dWdata dWanalysis
dWis dWnot dWrequired dWto dWuse dWEBP. dWAll dWpublished dWarticles dWdo dWnot dWprovide dWresearch
dWevidence; dWinterventions dWshould dWbe dWbased dWon dWcredible dWresearch, dWpreferably
dWrandomized dWcontrolled dWstudies dWwith dWa dWlarge dWnumber dWof dWsubjects.
DIF: Cognitive dWLevel: dWUnderstand dW(Comprehension) TOP: dWNursing dWProcess:
dWPlanning dWMSC: dWNCLEX: dWSafe dWand dWEffective dWCare dWEnvironment
3. Which dWstatement dWbydWthe dWnurse dWprovides dWa dWclear dWexplanation dWof dWthe dWnursing dWprocess?
a. ―ThedWnursingdWprocess dWis dWa dWresearch dWmethod dWofdWdiagnosing dWthe dWpatient‗s
dW health dWcare dWproblems.‖
b. ―ThedWnursingdWprocess dWis dWused dWprimarilydWto dWexplain dWnursingdWinterventions
dW to dWother dWhealth dWcare dWprofessionals.‖
c. ―ThedWnursing dWprocess dWis dWa dWproblem-solving dWtool dWused dWto dWidentifydWand dWmanage dWthe
4
,Table of Content
dW dW
Chapter dW01: dWProfessional dWNursing.......................................................................................................................................4
Chapter dW02: dWSocial dWDeterminants dWof dWHealth ..................................................................................................................10
Chapter dW03: dWHealth dWHistory dWand dWPhysical dWExamination dWHarding:dWLewis‘sdWMedical-SurgicaldWNursing,dW12thdWEdition
...............................................................................................................................................................................................15
Chapter dW04: dWPatient dWand dWCaregiver dWTeaching ................................................................................................................20
Chapter dW05: dWChronic dWIllness dWand dWOlder dWAdults............................................................................................................26
Harding: dWLewis‘s dWMedical-Surgical dWNursing, dW12th d W Edition .......................................................................................34
Chapter dW07: dWStress dWManagement .......................................................................................................................................38
Chapter dW08: dWSleep dWand dWSleep dWDisorders ........................................................................................................................42
Chapter dW09: dWPain .................................................................................................................................................................47
Chapter dW10: dWPalliative dWand dWEnd-of-Life dWCare ................................................................................................................56
Chapter dW11: dWSubstance dWUse dWDisorders dWin dWAcute dWCare ................................................................................................61
Chapter dW12: dWInflammation dWand dWHealing ..........................................................................................................................69
Chapter dW13: dWGenetics ..........................................................................................................................................................76
Chapter dW14: dWImmune dWResponses dWand dWTransplantation dWHarding:dWLewis‘sdWMedical-SurgicaldWNursing,dW12thdWEdition ..79
Chapter dW15: dWInfection..........................................................................................................................................................87
Chapter dW16: dWCancer.............................................................................................................................................................97
Chapter dW17: dWFluid, dWElectrolyte, dWand dWAcid-Base dWImbalances dWHarding: dWLewis‘s dWMedical-Surgical dWNursing, dW12th
dWEdition ...............................................................................................................................................................................111
Chapter dW18: dWPreoperative dWCare........................................................................................................................................124
Chapter dW19: dWIntraoperative dWCare......................................................................................................................................131
Chapter dW20: dWPostoperative dWCare ......................................................................................................................................137
Chapter dW21: dWEmergency dWand dWDisaster dWNursing............................................................................................................145
Chapter dW22: dWAssessment dWand dWManagement: dWVisual dWProblems dWHarding: dWLewis‘s dWMedical-Surgical dWNursing,
dW12th dWEdition dW153 dWChapter dW23: dWAssessment dWand dWManagement: dWAuditory dWProblems dWHarding: dWLewis‘s
dWMedical-Surgical dWNursing, dW12th dWEdition
.............................................................................................................................................................................................166
Chapter dW24: dWAssessment: dWIntegumentary dWSystem dWHarding:dWLewis‘sdWMedical-SurgicaldWNursing,dW12thdWEdition .........173
Chapter dW25: dWIntegumentary dWProblems .............................................................................................................................178
Chapter dW26: dWBurns.............................................................................................................................................................186
Chapter dW27: dWAssessment: dWRespiratory dWSystem ..............................................................................................................195
Chapter dW28: dWSupporting dWVentilation................................................................................................................................203
Chapter dW29: dWUpper dWRespiratory dWProblems .....................................................................................................................214
Chapter dW30: dWLower dWRespiratory dWProblems ....................................................................................................................220
Chapter dW31: dWObstructive dWPulmonary dWDiseases...............................................................................................................235
Chapter dW32: dWAcute dWRespiratory dWFailure dWand dWAcute dWRespiratory dWDistress dWSyndrome dWHarding: dWLewis‘s
dWMedical-Surgical dWNursing, dW12th dWEdition ......................................................................................................................248
first? .................................................................................................................................................................................253
Chapter dW33: dWAssessment: dWHematologic dWSystem ............................................................................................................257
Chapter dW34: dWHematologic dWProblems................................................................................................................................262
Chapter dW35: dWAssessment: dWCardiovascular dWSystem dWHarding:dWLewis‘sdWMedical-SurgicaldWNursing,dW12thdWEdition ........277
Chapter dW36: dWHypertension.................................................................................................................................................289
2
,Chapter dW38: dWHeart dWFailure ...............................................................................................................................................311
Chapter dW39: dWDysrhythmias................................................................................................................................................319
Chapter dW40: dWInflammatory dWand dWStructural dWHeart dWDisorders dWHarding: dWLewis‘s dWMedical-Surgical dWNursing, dW12th
dWEdition ...............................................................................................................................................................................329
first? ................................................................................................................................................................................. 339
Chapter dW41: dWVascular dWDisorders ..................................................................................................................................... 341
Chapter dW43: dWAssessment: dWGastrointestinal dWSystem dWHarding:dWLewis‘sdWMedical-SurgicaldWNursing,dW12thdWEdition ....... 364
Chapter dW44: dWNutrition dWProblems...................................................................................................................................... 369
Chapter dW45: dWObesity ......................................................................................................................................................... 377
Chapter dW46: dWUpper dWGastrointestinal dWProblems .............................................................................................................. 383
Chapter dW47: dWLower dWGastrointestinal dWProblems .............................................................................................................. 397
first? ................................................................................................................................................................................. 408
Chapter dW48: dWLiver, dWBiliary dWTract, dWand dWPancreas dWProblems dWHarding: dWLewis‘s dWMedical-Surgical dWNursing, dW12th
dWEdition ............................................................................................................................................................................... 414
Chapter dW49: dWAssessment: dWUrinary dWSystem .................................................................................................................... 429
Chapter dW50: dWRenal dWand dWUrologic dWProblems ................................................................................................................. 436
Chapter dW51: dWAcute dWKidney dWInjury dWand dWChronic dWKidney dWDisease dWHarding: dWLewis‘s dWMedical-Surgical dWNursing,
dW12th dWEdition
............................................................................................................................................................................................. 450
Chapter dW52: dWAssessment: dWEndocrine dWSystem ................................................................................................................ 462
Chapter dW53: dWDiabetes ........................................................................................................................................................ 469
Chapter dW54: dWEndocrine dWProblems.................................................................................................................................... 484
first? ................................................................................................................................................................................. 494
Chapter dW55: dWAssessment: dWReproductive dWSystem ........................................................................................................... 499
first? ................................................................................................................................................................................. 502
Chapter dW56: dWBreast dWProblems .......................................................................................................................................... 503
Chapter dW57: dWSexually dWTransmitted dWInfections ............................................................................................................... 512
Chapter dW58: dWFemale dWReproductive dWProblems ................................................................................................................ 519
Chapter dW59: dWMale dWReproductive dWProblems.................................................................................................................... 533
Chapter dW60: dWAssessment: dWNervous dWSystem ................................................................................................................... 544
Chapter dW61: dWAcute dWIntracranial dWProblems ..................................................................................................................... 550
Chapter dW62: dWStroke ........................................................................................................................................................... 565
Chapter dW63: dWChronic dWNeurologic dWProblems................................................................................................................... 574
Chapter dW64: dWDementia dWand dWDelirium............................................................................................................................. 585
Chapter dW65: dWSpinal dWCord dWand dWPeripheral dWNerve dWProblems dWHarding: dWLewis‘s dWMedical-Surgical dWNursing, dW12th
dWEdition ............................................................................................................................................................................... 593
Chapter dW66: dWAssessment: dWMusculoskeletal dWSystem dWHarding:dWLewis‘sdWMedical-SurgicaldWNursing,dW12thdWEdition ...... 603
Chapter dW67: dWMusculoskeletal dWTrauma dWand dWOrthopedic dWSurgery dWHarding: dWLewis‘s dWMedical-Surgical dWNursing,
dW12th dWEdition
............................................................................................................................................................................................. 608
Chapter dW68:Musculoskeletal dWProblems ............................................................................................................................. 622
Chapter dW69: dWArthritis dWand dWConnective dWTissue dWDiseases dWHarding:dWLewis‘sdWMedical-SurgicaldWNursing,dW12thdWEdition
............................................................................................................................................................................................. 629
3
, Chapter 01: Professional Nursing
dW dW dW
Harding: Lewis’s Medical-Surgical Nursing, 12th
dW dW dW dW dW Edition
MULTIPLE dWCHOICE
1. The dWnurse dWcompletes dWan dWadmission dWdatabase dWand dWexplains dWthat dWthe dWplan dWof dWcare
dWand dWdischarge dWgoals dWwill dWbe dWdeveloped dWwith dWthe dWpatient‗s dWinput. dWThe dWpatient
dWasks, dW―How dWis dWthis dWdifferent dWfrom dWwhat dWthe dWphysician dWdoes?‖ dWWhich dWresponse
dWwould dWthe dWnurse dWprovide?
a. ―The dWroledWof dWthe dWnursedWis dWto dWadminister dWmedications dWand dWother dWtreatments
dWprescribed dWby dW your dWphysician.‖
b. ―In dWaddition dWto dWcaringdWfor dWyou dWwhile dWyou dWaredWsick, dWthe dWnurses dWwill dWhelp
dWyou dWplan dWto dWmaintain dWyour dWhealth.‖
c. ―ThedWnurse‗s dWjob dWis dWto dWcollect dWinformation dWand dWcommunicate dWany
dWproblems dWthat dWoccur dWto dWthe dWphysician.‖
d. ―Nurses dWperform dWmanydWof dWthe dWsame dWprocedures dWas dWthe dWphysician, dWbut
dWnurses dWare dWwith dWthe dWpatients dWfor dWa dWlonger dWtime dWthan dWthe
dWphysician.‖
ANS: dWB
The dWAmerican dWNurses dWAssociation dW(ANA) dWdefinition dWof dWnursing dWdescribes dWthe dWrole
dWof dWnurses dWin dWpromoting dWhealth. dWThe dWother dWresponses dWdescribe dWdependent dWand
dWcollaborative dWfunctions dWof dWthe dWnursing dWrole dWbut dWdo dWnot dWaccurately dWdescribe dWthe
dWnurse‗s dWunique dWrole dWin dWthehealth dWcare dWsystem.
DIF: dWCognitive dWLevel: dWAnalyze dW(Analysis)
TOP: dWNursing dWProcess: dWImplementation dWMSC: dWNCLEX: dWSafe dWand dWEffective dWCare dWEnvironment
2. Which dWstatement dWbydWthe dWnurse dWaccuratelydWdescribes dW the dWuse dWof dWevidence-based dWpractice
dW(EBP)?
a. ―Patient dWcare dWis dWbased dWon dWclinical dWjudgment, dWexperience, dWand dWtraditions.‖
b. ―Data dWare dWanalyzed dWlater dWto dWshow dWthat dWthe dWpatient dWoutcomes dWare dWconsistentlydWmet.‖
c. ―Research dWfrom dWall dWpublished dWarticles dWare dWused dWas dWa dWguide dWfor dWplanning dWpatient dWcare.‖
d. ―Recommendations dWaredWbased dWon dWresearch, dWclinical dWexpertise, dWand
dWpatient dWpreferences.‖
ANS: dWD
Evidence-based dWpractice dW(EBP) dWis dWthe dWuse dWof dWthe dWbest dWresearch-based dWevidence
dWcombined dWwith dWclinician dWexpertise dWand dWconsideration dWof dWpatient dWpreferences.
dWClinical dWjudgment dWbased dWon dWthe dWnurse‗s dWclinical dWexperience dWis dWpart dWof dWEBP, dWbut
dWclinical dWdecision dWmaking dWshould dWalso dWincorporate dWcurrent dWresearch dWand dWresearch-
based dWguidelines. dWEvaluation dWof dWpatient dWoutcomes dWis dWimportant, dWbut dWdata dWanalysis
dWis dWnot dWrequired dWto dWuse dWEBP. dWAll dWpublished dWarticles dWdo dWnot dWprovide dWresearch
dWevidence; dWinterventions dWshould dWbe dWbased dWon dWcredible dWresearch, dWpreferably
dWrandomized dWcontrolled dWstudies dWwith dWa dWlarge dWnumber dWof dWsubjects.
DIF: Cognitive dWLevel: dWUnderstand dW(Comprehension) TOP: dWNursing dWProcess:
dWPlanning dWMSC: dWNCLEX: dWSafe dWand dWEffective dWCare dWEnvironment
3. Which dWstatement dWbydWthe dWnurse dWprovides dWa dWclear dWexplanation dWof dWthe dWnursing dWprocess?
a. ―ThedWnursingdWprocess dWis dWa dWresearch dWmethod dWofdWdiagnosing dWthe dWpatient‗s
dW health dWcare dWproblems.‖
b. ―ThedWnursingdWprocess dWis dWused dWprimarilydWto dWexplain dWnursingdWinterventions
dW to dWother dWhealth dWcare dWprofessionals.‖
c. ―ThedWnursing dWprocess dWis dWa dWproblem-solving dWtool dWused dWto dWidentifydWand dWmanage dWthe
4
