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NR 226 Chapter 42 Questions With Complete Solutions.pdf

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Institution
NR 226
Course
NR 226

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Uploaded on
September 30, 2025
Number of pages
34
Written in
2025/2026
Type
Exam (elaborations)
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NR 226 Chapter 42 Questions With
Complete Solutions

concept’building’-’correct’answer✔ ✔ implementations:’
-independent:’nurse’can’do’on’her’own
-interdependent:’do’w’other’healthcare’team’members
-dependent:’need’provider’order


Fluid’Balance’-’correct’answer✔ ✔
*Isotonic’solutions*:’0.9NS’used’for’irrigations’such’as’bladder’irrigations’or’IV’flushes
-Question’an’order’of’0.45%’sodium’chloride’if’patient’had’brain’injury.’
>Ex:’0.45%’sodium’chloride’is’hypotonic’solution’and’causes’cells’to’swell,’which’causes’in
creased’intracranial’pressure’(ICP).’
>Ex:’Patient’comes’into’the’emergency’room/Dept’with’diarrhea’and’has’been’vomiting’for’t
he’last’two’days.’Initial’IV’solution’administered’is’*0.9%’sodium’chloride’Normal’Saline’sinc
e’it’restores’patient's’fluid’and’electrolyte’losses*


Fluid’balance’consists’of’-’correct’answer✔ ✔ *Fluid’intake*-
’ Average’adult’2300’mL.’Fluid’intake’must’equal’fluid’output.’IV,’rectal’(enemas),’irrigation’of
’ body’cavities’(absorb’fluid)
*Fluid’distribution*-
’ Fluid’moves’thru’extracellular’and’intracellular’compartments’and’occurs’by’osmosis.’Vasc
ular’and’interstitial’ECF’occurs’by’filtration
*Fluid’output*-’urine,’sweat
>Antidiuretic’hormone
>Renin-angiotensin-aldosterone’system
>Atrial’natriuretic’peptide

,Thirst’-’correct’answer✔ ✔ -
An’important’regulator’of’fluid’intake’when’plasma’osmolality’increases
‘ -Thirst’control’mechanism’is’located’within’the’hypothalamus’in’the’brain
-
Person’is’aware’when’they’are’thirsty.’Our’bodies’have’a’regulator’of’fluid’intake’when’plas
ma’osmolality’increases’(osmoreceptormediated’thirst)’or’the’blood’volume’decreases’(bar
oreceptormediated’thirst’and’angiotensin’II-’and’III-
mediated’thirst).’The’thirstcontrol’mechanism’is’located’within’the’hypothalamus’in’the’brain
.’
-
These’Osmoreceptors’increase’and’cause’thirst’by’stimulating’neurons’in’our’hypothalamu
s


Fluid’Output’-’correct’answer✔ ✔ -Normally’via’skin,’lungs,’GI’tract,’kidneys
-Fluid’output’is’when’we’sweat,’vomiting’(emesis),’feces,’diarrhea,’urine’
Average’adult’normally’excretes’only’100’mL’of’fluid’each’day’through’feces.’
*Influenced’by*
-
*Antidiuretic’hormone*’(ADH)’ADH:’regulates’the’osmolality’of’the’body’fluids’by’influencing
’ how’much’water’is’excreted’in’urine.’
-*Factors’that’increase’ADH’levels:*
>Client’who’lost’a’significant’amount’of’blood’from’a’gun’shot’wound,’stabbing,’severe’car’cr
ash’Sever’vomiting,’excessive’sweating
>Cancer’pain,’surgical’procedures’
>Stressors’(loss’of’significant’other,’loved,’loss’of’job,’school)’
>Medications’(Lasix’diuretic)
-*Renin-angiotensin-
aldosterone’system*’(RAAS)’Regulates’ECF’volume’by’influencing’how’much’sodium’and’
water’are’excreted’in’urine.’It’also’contributes’to’regulation’of’blood’pressure.’

,-
*Atrial’natriuretic’peptides’(ANPs)*:’ANP’regulates’ECV’by’influencing’how’much’sodium’an
d’water’are’excreted’in’urine.


Fluid’Balance’Factors’-’correct’answer✔ ✔ *Fluid’intake*
-Thirst’regulates’fluid’intake
~2300’mL/day
*Fluid’distribution*
-Extracellular’and’intracellular
-Vascular’and’interstitial
*Hormonal’Influences*’
-Antidiuretic’hormone’
-Renin-angiotensin-aldosterone’mechanism
-Atrial’natriuretic’peptides
*Fluid’output*
-Through’kidneys,’skin,’lungs,’and’GI’tract
-Insensible’loss
-Sensible’loss


Sensible’v’insensible’examples’(not’from’book)’-’correct’answer✔ ✔ *Sensible*
fluid’loss’that’can’be’measured’
-urination
-defecation
-bleeding’
-wound’drainage
-gastric’drainage
-vomiting
*Insensible*
fluid’loss’cannot’be’measured
-perspiration
-respiration

, -changes’in’humidity’levels,’respiratory’rate’and’depth,’fever’affect’insensible’los


Monitoring’Fluid’Volume’Status’*know*’-’correct’answer✔ ✔ -
Most’Effective’Nursing’Intervention’for’Monitoring’Patients’at’Risk’for’Heart’Failure’or’Clinic
al’Dehydration:
>Patients’must’be’*weighed’every’morning’before’breakfast*.’An’effective’measure’of’fluid’r
etention’or’loss’is’daily’weights;’each’kilogram’(2.2’pounds)’change’is’equivalent’to’1’liter’of’f
luid’gained’or’lost.’This’measurement’should’be’performed’at’the’same’time’every’day’using’
the’same’scale’and’the’same’amount’of’clothing


Assessment’of’Client’*Fluid’Overload*:’-’correct’answer✔ ✔
*Increased’respiratory’rate*’The’nurse’should’expect’the’client’who’has’fluid’volume’exce
ss’to’have’increase’in’respiratory’rate’and’moist’crackles’heard’in’lungs
*Increased’blood’pressure*’The’nurse’should’expect’the’client’who’has’fluid’volume’excess’
to’have’increased’blood’pressure’and’bounding’pulse’in’response’to’the’excess’fluid.
*Increased’heart’rate*’The’nurse’should’expect’the’client’who’has’fluid’volume’excess’to’ha
ve’tachycardia’and’increased’cardiac’contractility’in’response’to’the’excess’fluid.


Which’clinical’finding’indicates’the’client’is’experiencing’potential’fluid’volume’excess?’
a.’B/P’change’from’108/78’to’140/90’
b.’Decreased’crackles’in’lower’lung’fields’
c.’Pulse’increased’from’72/min’to’80/min’
d.’Weight’from’150’lbs’to’142’lbs’-’correct’answer✔ ✔
a.’B/P’change’from’108/78’to’140/90


Which’nursing’action’would’be’appropriate’for’a’client’with’orthopnea,’dyspnea,’and’bibasila
r’crackles?’
1.’Elevate’legs’to’promote’venous’return.’
2.’Elevate’the’head’of’the’bed,’decrease’the’IV’fluids,’and’notify’the’provider’of’care.’
3.’Orient’the’client’to’time,’place,’and’situation.’
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