NSG 530 Exam 2 Advanced Pathophysiology-Wilkes
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Autoimmunity
reaction of immune response to one's own tissues
Tolerance
self-antigens not normally seen by the immune system
Most common autoimmune disease
Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE)
Type 1 DM, MS, RA
notable autoimmune diseases
SLE
chronic autoimmune inflammatory disease that affects
many body systems- more women then men
Clinical Manifestations of SLE
- arthralgias or arthritis
- vasculitis and rash
- renal disease
- hematologic changes, especially anemia
- cardiovascular disease
SLE Positive Labs
ANA screen
Alloimmunity
Immune reaction to tissues of another individual
x3 alloimmunity reactions
transfusion reactions, transplant reactions, fetus during
pregnancy
Alloantigens
nonself antigens from members of the same species
,transfusion reaction
a serious, and potentially fatal, complication of a blood
transfusion in which a severe immune response occurs
because the patient's blood and the donated blood do not
match
universal donor
Type O blood
universal recipient
type AB blood
Type A blood has ________ antibodies in the blood
plasma.
B antibodies
Rh blood type
Presence or absence of Rh factor (antigen D) on
erythrocytes determines if blood type is positive or
negative
Hemolitic disease of the newborn
Rh - mothers, Rh + fetuses
Rhogram
antigen D immunoglobulin-
Rh incompatibility (necessary for Rh negative mothers
who give birth to an Rh positive baby; prevents hemolytic
disease of the newborn)
D antigen expressed on RBC
Rh blood group
Transpant rejection
MHCs are a major target
Transplant Reaction Classifications
hyperacute, acute, chronic
transplant reaction that is immediate and rare- what
happens to tissue?
,hyperacute, instant, graft turns white instead of pink
transplant reactions- acute and chronic are what type
of reactions?
type IV (4)
HTN and diabetes are risk factors for which transplant
reactions?
chronic
immune deficiency
the loss of the body's ability to respond to antigens and
epitopes
primary immunodeficiency
congenital; usually genetic errors
secondary immunodeficiency
(acquired) loss of immune functioning as a result of an
illness or treatment
Immune Deficiencies
Congenital [Bruton, DiGeorge, SCID] and acquired
[HIV/AIDS]
DiGeorge Syndrome
congenital- failure 3rd/4th pharyngeal pouches to develop;
T cell deficiency; absent thymus
Bare lymphocyte syndrome
1. Partial or complete deficiency in MHC I or MHC II
2. Patients have an increased susceptibility to viral and
opportunistic infections
3. Symptoms: range from none to severe combined
immune deficiency, depending on number of MHC
expressed
Predominantly Antibody Deficiencies
-most common immune deficiency
-defective B-cell development
, Hypogammaglobulinemia
an abnormally low concentration of gamma globulin in the
blood and increased risk of infection
Agammaglobulinemia
disorder marked by an almost complete lack of
immunoglobulins or antibodies
Phagocyte defects
Inadequate numbers or defects in function of phagocytes
Chronic Granulomatous Disease (CGD)
defect in NADPH oxidase → ↑ susceptibility to infections
with catalase + organisms (S. aureus, Aspergillus, etc...)
Defects in Innate Immunity
-Defect in capacity to produce immune response
-Chronic mucocutaneous candidiasis
Complement deficiencies
repeated infections of encapsulated pathogens
IVIG (intravenous immunoglobulin)
Mostly IgG pooled from donors to give high levels of
protection
Used for: immunodeficiencies
secondary deficiency examples
pregnancy, burns, emotional trauma, eating disorders,
diabetes, sickle cell
Maligancies
virtually all are complicated by immunosuppression
AIDS (acquired immune deficiency syndrome)
Immune system disease caused by the Human
Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) which over a period of
years weakens the capacity of the immune system to fight
off infection so that weight loss and weakness set in and
Newest 2025/2026 Complete Questions And Correct
Detailed Answers (Verified Answers)|Brand New
Version!!
Autoimmunity
reaction of immune response to one's own tissues
Tolerance
self-antigens not normally seen by the immune system
Most common autoimmune disease
Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE)
Type 1 DM, MS, RA
notable autoimmune diseases
SLE
chronic autoimmune inflammatory disease that affects
many body systems- more women then men
Clinical Manifestations of SLE
- arthralgias or arthritis
- vasculitis and rash
- renal disease
- hematologic changes, especially anemia
- cardiovascular disease
SLE Positive Labs
ANA screen
Alloimmunity
Immune reaction to tissues of another individual
x3 alloimmunity reactions
transfusion reactions, transplant reactions, fetus during
pregnancy
Alloantigens
nonself antigens from members of the same species
,transfusion reaction
a serious, and potentially fatal, complication of a blood
transfusion in which a severe immune response occurs
because the patient's blood and the donated blood do not
match
universal donor
Type O blood
universal recipient
type AB blood
Type A blood has ________ antibodies in the blood
plasma.
B antibodies
Rh blood type
Presence or absence of Rh factor (antigen D) on
erythrocytes determines if blood type is positive or
negative
Hemolitic disease of the newborn
Rh - mothers, Rh + fetuses
Rhogram
antigen D immunoglobulin-
Rh incompatibility (necessary for Rh negative mothers
who give birth to an Rh positive baby; prevents hemolytic
disease of the newborn)
D antigen expressed on RBC
Rh blood group
Transpant rejection
MHCs are a major target
Transplant Reaction Classifications
hyperacute, acute, chronic
transplant reaction that is immediate and rare- what
happens to tissue?
,hyperacute, instant, graft turns white instead of pink
transplant reactions- acute and chronic are what type
of reactions?
type IV (4)
HTN and diabetes are risk factors for which transplant
reactions?
chronic
immune deficiency
the loss of the body's ability to respond to antigens and
epitopes
primary immunodeficiency
congenital; usually genetic errors
secondary immunodeficiency
(acquired) loss of immune functioning as a result of an
illness or treatment
Immune Deficiencies
Congenital [Bruton, DiGeorge, SCID] and acquired
[HIV/AIDS]
DiGeorge Syndrome
congenital- failure 3rd/4th pharyngeal pouches to develop;
T cell deficiency; absent thymus
Bare lymphocyte syndrome
1. Partial or complete deficiency in MHC I or MHC II
2. Patients have an increased susceptibility to viral and
opportunistic infections
3. Symptoms: range from none to severe combined
immune deficiency, depending on number of MHC
expressed
Predominantly Antibody Deficiencies
-most common immune deficiency
-defective B-cell development
, Hypogammaglobulinemia
an abnormally low concentration of gamma globulin in the
blood and increased risk of infection
Agammaglobulinemia
disorder marked by an almost complete lack of
immunoglobulins or antibodies
Phagocyte defects
Inadequate numbers or defects in function of phagocytes
Chronic Granulomatous Disease (CGD)
defect in NADPH oxidase → ↑ susceptibility to infections
with catalase + organisms (S. aureus, Aspergillus, etc...)
Defects in Innate Immunity
-Defect in capacity to produce immune response
-Chronic mucocutaneous candidiasis
Complement deficiencies
repeated infections of encapsulated pathogens
IVIG (intravenous immunoglobulin)
Mostly IgG pooled from donors to give high levels of
protection
Used for: immunodeficiencies
secondary deficiency examples
pregnancy, burns, emotional trauma, eating disorders,
diabetes, sickle cell
Maligancies
virtually all are complicated by immunosuppression
AIDS (acquired immune deficiency syndrome)
Immune system disease caused by the Human
Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) which over a period of
years weakens the capacity of the immune system to fight
off infection so that weight loss and weakness set in and
