NMTCB EXAM PREP UPDATED ACTUAL Questions and CORRECT Answers
Mo-99/Tc-99m , I-131, I-125, Xe-133, Sr-89, Sm-153,
Common Reactor produced radionuclides?
P-32, Cr-51
Common Accelerator produced radionuclides? I-123, Th-201, Ga-67, In-111, All positron emitters
*radiation that results from deceleration of the beta par-
Bremsstrahlung?
ticles as they approach the nuclei
*made of 3to4 filters (Pb, Cu, Al, plastic)
*should be worn between waist and shoulder
*processed monthly
Film Badge Imp. Points *adversely affected by heat and moisture
*the amount of darkening on the film is proportional to
amount of radiation absorbed
*effective measuring 10 mrem to several hundred rem
*thermoluminescent dosimeter
*uses LiF crystal that emits a quantity of light proportional
to the amount of radiation absorbed by crystal
*this light is released during high hearing called anneal-
TLD Badge Imp. Points
ing
*can distinguish beta from photon/neutron radiation
*can only be analyzed once
*are used ring badges (forefinger)
*optically stimulated luminescent dosimeter
*uses thin slice of aluminum oxide to detect radiation
OSLD Badge Imp. Points *resistant to heat, moisture and aging
*can be used to monitor more than once, up to 3 months
*can be analyzed multiple times
*where individual can receive more than 5 mrem (0.05
Caution: Radiation Area (sign) mSv) in 1 hour at 30 cm
*seen in entrances to nuc med labs
, *where radioactive materials are used or stored
*usually in entrances of work areas and NM labs
Caution: Radioactive Materials (sign)
*indicates potential presence of radiation sources and/or
contamination
*individual can receive more than 100 mrem (1 mSv) in 1
Caution: High Radiation Area (sign) hour at 30 cm from radiation source
*commonly where radiation therapy is performed
*7,200 dpm for a wiped area of 300 cm^2 for gamma and
A wipe on an external package surface cannot exceed?
beta emitters
*radioactive materials with a half life of less than 120 days
Decay in Storage Imp. Points
can be stored in a shielded storage area until they are bkg
dpm = net cpm / eflciency
Equation for dpm * NRC requires wipe testing must be recorded in dpm
*"eflciency" means eflciency of the well counter
*column containing alumina onto which the parent Mo-99
is adsorbed
Mo-99/Tc-99m Generator
*Tc99m is collected as the eluate in the form of
Tc99m-NaO4
*the amount of radioactivity per unit of mass of RN or RP
Specific Activity
*expressed in (mCi/mg), MBq/mg), (Ci/mol), (GBq/mol)
*considered a radionuclidic impurity
*when administered to patients, its taken up by the
parenchymal cells of liver and delivers unnecessary dose
Mo-99 Imp. points
of radiation
*0.15 uCi / per 1 mCi Tc99m at time of administration to
patient
*Ability of a scintillation camera to separate small object in
Spatial Resolution space
*performed weekly
SPECT COR
,*performed weekly (or monthly)
*evaluation is used to correct for slight variation in the
position of the camera head as it rotates
*performed with each type of collimator
*Ability of a scintillation camera to produce a uniform
image with straight lines corresponding to straight lines
Spatial Linearity in a phantom
*Clinically, it is the accurate portrayal of true organ shape
*performed weekly
*2D mode uses tungsten septa in BGO crystals
*3D mode doesn't use septa, LSO, LYSO, GSO crystals are
used
PET Camera Imp. Factors
*TOF PET is better than LOR PET, because it improves
image contrast
*spatial resolution of PET is significantly better than SPECT
*the ratio of the patients movement through the gantry
during one 360 degree beam rotation relative to beam
CT (PITCH)
collimation
*PET/CT scans are done with a pitch of 1 or greater
*range from 80 to 140 kVp
*increasing the kVp, increases the penetration of the ob-
ject being x-rayed (increases energy of the x-rays), de-
CT (kVp) kilovolt peak
creases noise, and creates fewer beam hardening arti-
facts, but increases the dose to the patient and reduces
attenuation differences in tissue
*typically range from 20 to 120 mAs
*Increasing mAs, decreases noise (produces more x-rays)
CT (mAs) Milliampereseconds
and increases contrast resolution, but also increases the
dose to the patient
Path of blood through the heart and lungs to body.
, Deoxygenated blood enters the right atrium from the
superior vena cavae. The right atrium and ventricle are
separated by the tricuspid valve. During ventricular di-
astole, (relaxation or filling phase), the tricuspid valve
opens, allowing blood to flow from the right atrium into
the right ventricle. The blood exits the right ventricle dur-
ing ventricular systole, (contraction phase), and travels
through the pulmonary valve into the pulmonary artery,
which leads into the lungs. Carbon dioxide and oxygen are
exchanged in alveoli of the lungs. Blood becomes oxygen
rich, newly oxygenated blood enters the left atrium by
way of the pulmonary veins. Blood then passes through
mitral valve into LV during ventricular diastole. This blood
is introduced into circulation during ventricular systole by
passing through aortic valve and into aorta.
QRS complex indicates... depolarization of the ventricles
Radioactivity Units Bq or Ci
Exposure Units Coulomb/ kg or R (roentgen)
Dose Equivalent Units Sv (Sievert) or Rem
Absorbed Dose Units Gray or Rad
Can convert stannous ion (Sn2+)to stannic ion (Sn4+), that
Effects of oxygen in RP kit? interferes with the amount of Tc that can be chelated aka
(tagged).
To reduce Tc99m to a lower oxidation state (from 7+ to a
Purpose of Sn2+ in RP kit...
lower state)
Specific concentration... Activity per volume (ex. mCi/mL)
Specific activity... Activity per gram. (ex. mCi/mg)
What is the QC testing for chemical impurity? ex. Al3+, Sn2+, Sn4+ -> Colormetric Method
Mo-99/Tc-99m , I-131, I-125, Xe-133, Sr-89, Sm-153,
Common Reactor produced radionuclides?
P-32, Cr-51
Common Accelerator produced radionuclides? I-123, Th-201, Ga-67, In-111, All positron emitters
*radiation that results from deceleration of the beta par-
Bremsstrahlung?
ticles as they approach the nuclei
*made of 3to4 filters (Pb, Cu, Al, plastic)
*should be worn between waist and shoulder
*processed monthly
Film Badge Imp. Points *adversely affected by heat and moisture
*the amount of darkening on the film is proportional to
amount of radiation absorbed
*effective measuring 10 mrem to several hundred rem
*thermoluminescent dosimeter
*uses LiF crystal that emits a quantity of light proportional
to the amount of radiation absorbed by crystal
*this light is released during high hearing called anneal-
TLD Badge Imp. Points
ing
*can distinguish beta from photon/neutron radiation
*can only be analyzed once
*are used ring badges (forefinger)
*optically stimulated luminescent dosimeter
*uses thin slice of aluminum oxide to detect radiation
OSLD Badge Imp. Points *resistant to heat, moisture and aging
*can be used to monitor more than once, up to 3 months
*can be analyzed multiple times
*where individual can receive more than 5 mrem (0.05
Caution: Radiation Area (sign) mSv) in 1 hour at 30 cm
*seen in entrances to nuc med labs
, *where radioactive materials are used or stored
*usually in entrances of work areas and NM labs
Caution: Radioactive Materials (sign)
*indicates potential presence of radiation sources and/or
contamination
*individual can receive more than 100 mrem (1 mSv) in 1
Caution: High Radiation Area (sign) hour at 30 cm from radiation source
*commonly where radiation therapy is performed
*7,200 dpm for a wiped area of 300 cm^2 for gamma and
A wipe on an external package surface cannot exceed?
beta emitters
*radioactive materials with a half life of less than 120 days
Decay in Storage Imp. Points
can be stored in a shielded storage area until they are bkg
dpm = net cpm / eflciency
Equation for dpm * NRC requires wipe testing must be recorded in dpm
*"eflciency" means eflciency of the well counter
*column containing alumina onto which the parent Mo-99
is adsorbed
Mo-99/Tc-99m Generator
*Tc99m is collected as the eluate in the form of
Tc99m-NaO4
*the amount of radioactivity per unit of mass of RN or RP
Specific Activity
*expressed in (mCi/mg), MBq/mg), (Ci/mol), (GBq/mol)
*considered a radionuclidic impurity
*when administered to patients, its taken up by the
parenchymal cells of liver and delivers unnecessary dose
Mo-99 Imp. points
of radiation
*0.15 uCi / per 1 mCi Tc99m at time of administration to
patient
*Ability of a scintillation camera to separate small object in
Spatial Resolution space
*performed weekly
SPECT COR
,*performed weekly (or monthly)
*evaluation is used to correct for slight variation in the
position of the camera head as it rotates
*performed with each type of collimator
*Ability of a scintillation camera to produce a uniform
image with straight lines corresponding to straight lines
Spatial Linearity in a phantom
*Clinically, it is the accurate portrayal of true organ shape
*performed weekly
*2D mode uses tungsten septa in BGO crystals
*3D mode doesn't use septa, LSO, LYSO, GSO crystals are
used
PET Camera Imp. Factors
*TOF PET is better than LOR PET, because it improves
image contrast
*spatial resolution of PET is significantly better than SPECT
*the ratio of the patients movement through the gantry
during one 360 degree beam rotation relative to beam
CT (PITCH)
collimation
*PET/CT scans are done with a pitch of 1 or greater
*range from 80 to 140 kVp
*increasing the kVp, increases the penetration of the ob-
ject being x-rayed (increases energy of the x-rays), de-
CT (kVp) kilovolt peak
creases noise, and creates fewer beam hardening arti-
facts, but increases the dose to the patient and reduces
attenuation differences in tissue
*typically range from 20 to 120 mAs
*Increasing mAs, decreases noise (produces more x-rays)
CT (mAs) Milliampereseconds
and increases contrast resolution, but also increases the
dose to the patient
Path of blood through the heart and lungs to body.
, Deoxygenated blood enters the right atrium from the
superior vena cavae. The right atrium and ventricle are
separated by the tricuspid valve. During ventricular di-
astole, (relaxation or filling phase), the tricuspid valve
opens, allowing blood to flow from the right atrium into
the right ventricle. The blood exits the right ventricle dur-
ing ventricular systole, (contraction phase), and travels
through the pulmonary valve into the pulmonary artery,
which leads into the lungs. Carbon dioxide and oxygen are
exchanged in alveoli of the lungs. Blood becomes oxygen
rich, newly oxygenated blood enters the left atrium by
way of the pulmonary veins. Blood then passes through
mitral valve into LV during ventricular diastole. This blood
is introduced into circulation during ventricular systole by
passing through aortic valve and into aorta.
QRS complex indicates... depolarization of the ventricles
Radioactivity Units Bq or Ci
Exposure Units Coulomb/ kg or R (roentgen)
Dose Equivalent Units Sv (Sievert) or Rem
Absorbed Dose Units Gray or Rad
Can convert stannous ion (Sn2+)to stannic ion (Sn4+), that
Effects of oxygen in RP kit? interferes with the amount of Tc that can be chelated aka
(tagged).
To reduce Tc99m to a lower oxidation state (from 7+ to a
Purpose of Sn2+ in RP kit...
lower state)
Specific concentration... Activity per volume (ex. mCi/mL)
Specific activity... Activity per gram. (ex. mCi/mg)
What is the QC testing for chemical impurity? ex. Al3+, Sn2+, Sn4+ -> Colormetric Method
