Geography Midterm Exam October EXAM PRACTICE 2025-2026
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The “Bretherton” diagram is a schematic that
identifies the multiple connections among Earth's
atmosphere, surface, ocean and biosphere. The Sun,
indicated on the left-hand side, is an “external forcing”
of change in the coupled system.
What is the significance of the Bretherton diagram?
What is the Bretherton
diagram? The Bretherton diagram epitomised the rapidly
growing field of ESS through its visualisation of the
interacting physical, chemical and biological
processes that connect components of the Earth System
and through the recognition that human activities were
a significant driving force for change in the system.
Sees climate change as an environmental and social
problem that is rooted in particular beliefs and
perceptions of human - environmental relationships,
and humanities place in the world. Addressing climate
change, requires challenging
mindsets, norms, rules, institutions and policies that
Integrative discourse
support unsustainable resource use and practices. This
discourse Represents three different approaches to
climate change. Holistic and interconnected with
multiple processes of environment, economic,
political, and cultural change, and closely linked
individual and shared norms, beliefs, values, and world
views. This discourse approaches climate change as a
transformative process. Transforming communities and
cities, how we perceive, and relate to nature in each
other, and how we engage with the future, and the
potential to deliberately transform human -
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environment, relationships, in ways that are
equitable and sustainable.
Dualistic views Views nature as separate from society
Climate change is not a problem at all or at least not an
urgent concern. No action is needed to address, climate
Dismissive Discourse
change, and other issue should be prioritized. Cc is not
linked to humans. Influences, political, and cultural
debates about CC policy and affects how cc is
portrayed in the media and educational settings.
Climate change is a social problem, caused by economic,
political, and cultural
Critical discourse processes that contribute to an uneven and
unsustainable patterns of development and energy
usage. Addressing climate change, requires
challenging, economic systems, and power structures
that perpetuate high levels of fossil fuel consumption.
Climate change is an environmental problem caused by
rising concentrations of greenhouse gases from human
Biophysical discourse
activities. Climate change can be addressed to policies,
technologies, and behavioral changes that reduce
greenhouse, gas, emissions, and support
adaptation.
Rising temperatures, heat water molecules in the ocean,
What is thermal expansion?
and the warmer water occupies a greater volume and
cold water.
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